Fatty acid profile and quality parameters of Ceiba pentandra (L.) seed oil: A potential source of biodiesel
December 2018
The probable depletion of fossil energy resources has led the international scientific community to direct research towards biofuels, including vegetable oils. Benin has a rich biodiversity with multiple oilseed species, potential sources of biofuels. Among these, Ceiba pentandra was identified and selected for a detailed study of its unconventional vegetable oil. In this order of idea, the harvested seeds were dried in...
Effect of some citrus juice concentrates on crude oil emulsion
August 2018
Crude oil emulsions constitute a major challenge in oil field operations. To resolve this challenge, many researchers have studied crude oil emulsion demulsification patterns in the presence of various demulsifiers. Research is ongoing for discovery of locally sourced biodegradable and inexpensive demulsifiers. The aim of this research is to demusify heavy crude oil emulsion, using locally sourced biodegradable citrus...
Biodiesel potentials of two phenotypes of Cyperus esculentus unconventional oils
May 2018
Two varieties of Cyperus esculentus, identified by their phenotype (black or yellow) were collected from Benin. To investigate their biodiesel profiles, the roots were extracted with hexane. Physicochemical properties and fuel profiles of obtained oils (YCE and BCE, respectively Yellow C. esculentus and Black C. esculentus) were determined by following standards methods. Although the major physicochemical properties...
Field application of adding formate salts exertion on the water based drilling fluid properties enhancement: an experimental comparative analysis
May 2017
Due to the fact that there is a wide range of drilling fluids, it is difficult to discuss drilling fluid composition that is completely accurate for all mud types in all drilling situations. The approach taken here is description of drilling fluids as two-phase systems. Formate base fluids have been utilized in a wide variety of drilling operations in terms of its applicant and lower expenses rather other fluids. These...
Removal of free fatty acids in neem oil using diphenylamine functionalized magnetic mesoporous silica SBA-15 for biodiesel production
May 2016
Biodiesel is produced from edible/non-edible plants oil. However, alkaline transesterification of these oils makes the process challenging due to the presence of large amount of free fatty acids (FFA), which forms soap on reaction with alkali. Hence, it is necessary to reduce FFA present so that alkaline catalyzed transesterification can be carried out. In this work, biodiesel fuel was produced using diphenylamine...
Effects of biofuel production on selected local Communities in Nigeria
April 2016
Biofuel is gradually being adopted as alternative to fossil fuel in the use for automotive, thermal and power generation. The Nigerian Policy on biofuel introduced in 2007 expresses the national biofuel production programme. However, problems associated with production and uses arise from the effects on arable land and staple foods, which if diverted for production, have vast diverse effects, depending on the people,...
Physico-chemical characteristics of Pakistani used engine oils
March 2016
In this study, physicochemical characteristics of Pakistani fresh and used monograde (SAE-40, SAE-50) and multigrade (SAE-20W/50) engine oils have been studied. The samples were analyzed for specific gravity at 60/60°F, kinematic viscosity at 100 and 40°C, kinematic viscosity index, pour point, flash point, total base number, copper strip corrosion and sulphur contents following the ASTM (American Society of...
Temperature programme reduction (TPR) studies of cobalt phases in γ-alumina supported cobalt catalysts
January 2016
Temperature programmed reduction (TPR) is one of the techniques for obtaining information about phases or bulk species in heterogeneous catalysts. Information from TPR analysis can give insights about phase-support interaction and extent of reduction of the phases at different temperatures. TPR technique is a common tool in the characterisation of cobalt based Fischer-Tropsch (FT) catalysts. However, interpretation of...
The effects of the volatile oil-gas ratio on reserve estimation (GMBE versus CMBE) in undersaturated volumetric reservoirs
March 2015
This work presents a general, straight-line method to estimate the original oil and gas in-place in a reservoir without restrictions on fluid composition. All past efforts are applicable to only restricted ranges of reservoir fluids. The work supersedes these and it is applicable to the full range of reservoir fluids-including volatile-oils and gas-condensates. The work is based on the new generalized...
A review of biodiesel generation from non edible seed oils crop using non conventional heterogeneous catalysts
February 2015
The focus of this review is on the use of non-conventional heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel synthesis. The review is based on published works that have utilized these non-conventional catalysts for biodiesel synthesis with very good biodiesel yield. The non-conventional catalysts under consideration in this review are those obtained majorly from egg shells. These materials are generally waste materials which...
Effect on naphtha and residue yield through different operating and design variables in atmospheric distillation column
December 2014
HYSYS process modeling software was used to analyze the effect of number of trays, feed tray position, and reflux ratio on naphtha and also on atmospheric residue yield. Analysis of data showed that liquid volume percentage yield of naphtha decreased with number of trays and reflux ratio increased. Whereas, in atmospheric residue, the yield increased with the number of trays and the reflux ratio decreased. In addition,...
Simulation and characterization in the refining industry: A review
October 2014
Oil refining is one of the most complex chemical industries; the objective of refinery operations is to generate as much profit as possible by converting crude oils into valuable products. The current trend toward processing petroleum needs sufficient compositional information to understand the chemistry of reactions that are involved. The objective of the present paper is to review the simulation technologies and...
Ultrasonication of H-MOR zeolite catalysts for dimethylether (DME) production as a clean fuel
August 2014
All important effective ultrasonication variables encountered during carrying out the dehydration of methanol on H-MOR zeolite catalysts to produce dimethylether are studied in the present communication. These variables include; (a) the type of ultrasonication media, (b) the ultrasonication period, and (c) the volume of the ultrasonication liquid media per a given weight of the solid zeolite catalyst. Scanning electron...
Optimization of Gossypium arboreum seed oil biodiesel production by central composite rotatable model of response surface methodology and evaluation of its fuel properties
February 2014
The need for green based technologies to provide both affordable and environmentally sustainable energy and the ever increasing energy demand of the nations across the globe has led the way for economy based energy research. In this research work, Gossypium arboreum seed oil biodiesel production was optimized using a five-level-three-factor central composite rotatable design model of response surface methodology to...
Methanol and glyceride contents of Egunsi melon oil, its biodiesel and blends with diesel fuel
November 2013
Biodiesel is gradually being accepted worldwide as suitable alternative fuel for diesel engine. Rigorous purification is however required to meet the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and European Union (EU) standards for biodiesel because of unfavorable properties and the multitude of feed stocks with different properties that can be used. Two of such impurities that must be kept within limits are...
Numerical investigations on the use of waste animal fats as fuel on DI diesel engine
November 2013
Biodiesel is a promising alternative to petroleum-based diesel fuel because it is renewable and its extensive use in unmodified engines has proved to be very successful. However, its future use may be limited by the higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions that are typically generated relative to petroleum diesel. This paper deals with the numerical investigations on the use of Waste Animal Fat (WAF) as alternative...
Effect of hydrogen and gasoline fuel blend on the performance of SI engine
November 2013
This paper presents the effects of introducing hydrogen with gasoline on the engine performance like power, torque and efficiency of spark ignition (SI) engine. Hydrogen is found to be one of the important energy substitutes of the future era. Hydrogen as a renewable energy source provides the potential for a sustainable development, particularly in the automotive and energy storing sector. Hydrogen driven vehicles...
Performance test of palm fatty acid biodiesel on compression ignition engine
September 2013
Vegetable oil causes problem when used as fuel in compression ignition engines. This problem is due to high viscosity and low volatility of vegetable oils, which can be minimized by the process of trans-esterification. The relatively high cost of refined vegetable oils render the resulting fuels unable to compete with petroleum derived fuel. To reduce the cost of biodiesel a relatively low cost palm...
Experimental and theoretical evaluation of the performance parameters and emission characteristics of bio diesel using C.I engine for various injection pressure
July 2013
Cost and limited reserves of conventional fossil fuels have intensified the search for alternative fuels for use in internal combustion engines. A possible alternative engine fuel is vegetable oil because it is a clean burning, renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable and environmentally friendly transportation fuel. It can be used in a neat form without any modification of the engine. Vegetable oils are produced...
Experimental investigation on compression ignition engine powered by preheated neat jatropha oil
July 2013
In the present study, the high viscosity of the jatropha curcas oil was decreased by preheating. The effect of fuel inlet temperature on performance of diesel engine is evaluated. A single cylinder, four stroke, constant speed, air cooled, direct injection diesel engine developing a power output of 3.7 kW at 1500 rev/min typically used in agricultural sector was tested using neat jatropha oil as fuel....
A miscible CO2 injection project and evaluation in Daqing, China
June 2013
The paper introduces the entire process for a CO2 injection in the Fang-48 Group, Daiqng Oilfield. A study using experiment and full-field reservoir modeling investigated and optimized the design of a CO2 miscible flooding project for Fang-48 Group, Daqing. It began with extensive data gathering in the field and building a full-field three-dimensional geologic model. A full field simulation model...
Improved efficiency of CNG using Hydrogen in Spark Ignition Engine
June 2013
Experimental investigations carried out on a single-cylinder four-stroke motorcycle spark ignition engine operating on gasoline and natural gas are reported in the present paper when compressed natural gas (CNG) and hydrogen were used as fuel. The investigations were carried out by mixing a small percentage of hydrogen (5 to 30%) with CNG and supplied to the engine. Hydrogen and CNG were mixed in a developed...
Wood fuel consumption in Nigeria and the energy ladder: A review of fuel wood use in Kaduna State
May 2013
Rural areas of developing countries are very dependent on biomass fuels such as wood fuel and dried dung for their energy consumption. Wood fuel as a source of energy plays a vital role in household energy requirements, due to increasing economic hardship in the country, many people are finding it increasingly difficult to afford conventional fuels in Nigeria. Wood fuel in Kaduna State is the most highly...
Melothria maderaspatna seed oil: A low cost feedstock for biodiesel production using crystalline manganese carbonate, a green catalyst
May 2013
This research focuses on the production of biodiesel from low cost feedstock such asMelothria madraspatana seed oil via MnCO3 catalyzed transesterification process at 60°C, investigating the effects of process parameters such as molar ratio of feedstock to methanol, catalyst quantity, and reaction time on biodiesel yield. The biodiesel was successfully produced via transesterification process...
Performance analysis of IC engines with bio-diesel jatropha methyl ester (JME) blends
May 2013
Petroleum products resources are limited and their consumption rate is increasing very fast with technological development since the last two decades. The emissions from the usage of these petroleum products pollute the environment considerably. Jatropha oil is one of the renewable energy resources which are easily available in India. This study investigates the percentage substitution of jatropha methyl...
Application of re-refined used lubricating oil as base oil for the formulation of oil based drilling mud - A comparative study
April 2013
The viability of using re-refined used lubricating oil (RULO) extracted with an aromatic selective normal methylpyrolidone (NMP) as base oil for the formulation of drilling mud was investigated. The rheological and other properties of this formulation were compared with formulations from three locally produced synthetic base oils. The synthetic base oils were Paradril® made from saturated linear ethylene...
Epoxidation of Ximenia americana seed oil
April 2013
Epoxidized Ximenia americana seed oil may be well suited in the partial replacement of petroleum products in synthesis of polyol. However, a process is needed to obtain this material from X. americana seed oil at sufficient conversion and scale to assess products. Therefore, X. americana seed oil was extracted using hot-water process and finally epoxidized in a solvent-free...
Influence of wood humidity of three species (Prosopis africana, Anogeissus leiocarpa and Tectona grandis) on the production of charcoal by the traditional wheel
April 2013
Charcoal production is an increasing practice which however, remains traditional in Benin despite the introduction of new techniques of carbonization. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of species humidity on the production process, in the perspective of improving the yield in relation to farming practices. To achieve this, three wood species appearing in four humidity conditions were used...
Quality and chemistry of crude oils
March 2013
Physico-chemical characteristics such as API (American Petroleum Institute gravity) specific gravity, pour point, Calorific value, Kinematic viscosities, Reid vapour pressure, Copper corrosion, Water and sediments, Total Sulphur, Distillation range (I.B.P.F.B.P., Total recovery), residue and hydrocarbon contents (saturates, aromatics and polar) of crude oils collected from different oil fields of North...
Development of a mathematical model for the esterification of Jatropha curcas seed oil
March 2013
In this study, a mathematical model for the esterification reaction of Jatropha curcas seed oil was developed in terms of catalyst concentration, methanol to oil ratio and reaction time. Analysis of the crude Jatropha oil indicates that the free fatty acid (FFA) of the oil was 16.1% having composition of 37.24, 37.13, 15.85 and 9.76% of linoleic, euric, palmitic and stearic acids, respectively. FFA (%)...
Waste oils as alternative fuel for diesel engine: A review
March 2013
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources have led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. On the other hand, waste oils pose a very serious environment challenge because of their disposal problems all over the world. In this context, waste oils are currently receiving renewed interest. The properties of the oil derived from waste...
Performance and emission characteristics of compression ignition (CI) engine with dual fuel operation (diesel + compressed natural gas (CNG))
February 2013
The main objective of this work is to study the performance and emission characteristics ofcompression ignition (CI) engine using compressed natural gas (CNG) for the following conditions. (i) At constant speed by varying injection pressure and load (ii) Dual fuel combustion phenomenon. The conventional fuels like petrol and diesel for internal combustion engines are getting exhausted at an...
Case study in deducing pump discharge pressures with applied methods for maximizing throughput of a strategic crude oil pipeline
February 2013
The aged crude oil pipeline; 16" x 166 km since November 1984, extends from Meleiha field at Western desert to El-Hamra terminal at coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Its original capacity was 100,000 BOPD using two pumping stations; one at Meleiha and the other is a boosting station, 83 km far from Meleiha. Planned pumped flow rate increased to 177,000 BOPD at the time that maximum allowable working...
Study of temperature effect on asphaltene precipitation by visual and quantitative methods
February 2013
Asphaltene precipitation is one of conventional problem in crude oil production and refining process. Changes in temperature, pressure and composition are the main factors causing asphaltene instability. Pressure effect is studied in many literatures but temperature effect remains obscure yet. The onset pressure for asphaltene precipitation can be obtained by spectroscopy techniques such as transferring near...
Fabrication and electrical study of PEM fuel cell based on nano crystalline PEO based conducting polymer electrolyte system
February 2013
Solid conducting polymer electrolyte system, nano crystalline polyethylene oxide (PEO) complexed with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) salt was prepared by sol gel-technique. Several experimental techniques such as IR, composition dependence conductivity and temperature dependence conductivity in the temperature range of 303 to 368 K and transport number measurements were employed to characterize this polymer...
Pig-fat (Lard) derivatives as alternative diesel fuel in compression ignition engines
January 2013
Prime steam lard obtained from pig fat by rendering was characterized and refined. The lard was transesterified with methanol and sodium hydroxide (as catalyst) at 40, 50, 60, and 70°C. Fuel properties of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) or biodiesel were determined alongside that of petroleum derived diesel obtained commercially. Results obtained showed that the saponification and iodine values of the...
Evaluation of different algal species for the higher production of biodiesel
January 2013
Algae are a potential resource for biodiesel production. Scandasmus algae displayed faster growth at a wide temperature range of 4 to 32°C compared to Chlorella vulgaris. As the Conventional fuels are depleting day by day, there is a need to ï¬nd out an alternative fuels to fulï¬ll the energy demand of the world. Biofuels is one of the best available resources that have come to the...
Cetane number of three vegetable oils, their biodiesels and blends with diesel fuel
October 2012
One of the main advantages of biodiesel is the high cetane number that allows for more complete combustion and wider energy release spectrum. To investigate the variation of cetane number with fatty acids profile, transesterification and blending with diesel fuel, the cetane number of cashew nut, egusi melon and rubber seed oils, their biodiesels, 10% (B10) and 20% (B20) blends with diesel fuel were...
Biodiesel production from marine microalgae Chlorella marina and Nannochloropsis salina
October 2012
The aim of the study was to obtain high quality biodiesel from microalgae Chlorella marina and Nannochloropsis salina through transesterification. Growth studies revealed that maximum cell growth rate was obtained at 15th day of the culture. The flocculation activity result showed that pH 11 was optimum for cell flocculation at 37°C. In the present study, 60.26% of biodiesel yielded from 0.752 g L-1...
Performance and emission characteristics of karanja methyl esters: Diesel blends in a direct injection compression-ignition (CI) engine
April 2012
Biodiesel is a fatty acid alkyl ester which is renewable, biodegradable and non toxic fuel which can be derived from any vegetable oil by transesterification process. One of the popularly used non edible biodiesel in India is karanja oil methyl ester (KOME). In the present investigation, karanja oil based methyl ester (biodiesel) blended with diesel were tested for their use as a substitute fuel for diesel...
Cosolvent transesterification of Jatropha curcas seed oil
April 2012
This is paper aimed at characterizing Nigerian Jatropha curcas seed oil in terms of % free fatty acid (FFA), viscosity, calorific, acid, iodine and saponification values and cetane number which were found to conform to those in literature. The GC-MS analysis of the raw oil indicated that oil consisted principally of palmitic, oleic, linoleic and stearic acids. The established operating conditions...
New sources of feed stocks for biofuels production: Indian perspectives
March 2012
Energy security looms as one of the most important challenges of this century for scientists and users in India. Resources alternative to fossil including fungi, grasses, algae, waste oils, food crops and non-food crops are being developed. Considering the current food insecurity in the country, food crops are to be excluded from the list of feed stocks. In future, biofuels should ideally create the...
Quality of commercial high speed diesel and its environmental impact
March 2012
Physico-chemical characteristics such as American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity, specific gravity, pour point, kinematic viscosity, flash point, copper corrosion, conradson carbon, water and sediments, total sulphur, residue and hydrocarbon contents (saturates, aromatics and polar) of high speed diesel (HSD) collected from Multan regions of Pakistan have been evaluated using standard...
A new viscosity-temperature relationship for vegetable oil
February 2012
This study proposes four relationships of dynamic viscosity temperature dependence forvegetable oils. The purpose of this study was to find a polynomial or exponentialdependence between temperature and dynamic viscosity of vegetable oil, using...
Organisation of petroleum importing countries: An idea, whose time has come
January 2012
The author has been advocating for Organization of Petroleum Importing Countries since almost a decade. The argument is simple – OPEC; Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, forces up oil prices by restricting supply. It is intuitively obvious to a layperson as well as economists, that by restricting demand, oil prices should come down. It is especially important to remember that even a small...
Potentials of microalgal biofuel production
January 2012
Microalgae can potentially be employed for the production of biofuels in an economically effective and environmentally sustainable manner. The production of these biofuels can be coupled with fuel gas CO2 mitigation, wastewater treatment and the production of high-value chemicals. The efficiency is low but there is much room for improvement. The use of microalgae is seen as, at least, a partial solution...
Evaluation of homogeneous catalysis and supercritical methodology for biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas, Azadirachta indica and Hevea brasiliensis oil seeds
October 2011
The present study investigated the production of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas,Azadirachta indica, Hevea brasiliensis oil seed via transesterification methods: base catalysed and supercritical methanol, a catalyst-free process, as a cleaner alternative to conventional chemically catalyzed process. In biodiesel production using base catalyzed transesterification, temperature, methanol: oil molar...
Properties of fossil diesel oil blends with ethanol and FAME as fuels for diesel engines
October 2011
Ethanol is an attractive oxygenate not only for gasolines but also for diesel fuels. The paper presents the results of the study of stability of blends fossil diesel oil-ethanol, at the temperature of -10°C. Low-temperature phase stability was significantly influenced by the presence of water in the blend. The stability of blend was increased by the addition of FAME. The ternary mixture fossil diesel oil...
Parametric design and application of fibreglass reinforced plastic tubing in beam pumping wells
September 2011
A pragmatic and efficient technique has been developed to perform parametric design for the downhole fibreglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) tubing with successful applications in beam pumping wells. More specifically, hydraulic tubing anchor has been adopted to minimize stretch and recoil of the FRP tubing, while steel tailpipe is used as a counterweight to reduce the axial compression. In lieu of the rough...
Characterization and evaluation of African bush mango Nut (Dika nut) (Irvingia gabonensis) oil biodiesel as alternative fuel for diesel engines
September 2011
The African bush mangos (Irvingia gabonensis) were collected from the wild, dried and the kernels were split to release the nuts. The oil from the nuts was extracted in a soxhlet extractor that was operated at 60°C using normal hexane as solvent. It gave an oil content of 60% which was mainly triglyceride and was solid at room temperature. It was heated to 40°C to liquefy it and a methanol molar ratio of 6 to 1...
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