Full Length Research Paper
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The number of insects was higher in the organic system than in the conventional system. As for the diversity of insect families, the organic system was slightly larger than the conventional system. Santos et al. (2008a) suggested that yellow attracted adults of Diabrotica speciosa (Germar, 1824), (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess, 1880) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776), and Macrosiphum euphobiae (Thomas, 1878) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The diversity of families and the number of insects can serve as bioindicators of diversified management, indicating polyculture areas where shrub and tree plants such as the neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.; Meliaceae) function as wind barriers. In addition, the growing area includes cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.; Anacardiaceae), guava (Psidium guajava L.; Myrtaceae), mango (Mangifera indica L.; Anacardiaceae), coconut (Cocos nucifera L.; Arecaceae), jocote (Spondias purpúrea L.; Anacardiaceae), mulberry (Morus nigra L.; Moraceae), acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC; Malpighiaceae), orange (Citrus sinensis L.; Rutaceae), lime (Citrus limon L.; Rutaceae), and various weeds. Cardozo (2007) reports that these trees, when maintained in the agroecosystem, serve to protect plants, both from pesticide drift from neighboring areas, and from the spores and/or invasive propagules.
The presence of pollinators, predators, and parasitoids in the area guarantees stability of the families of insects collected in the various colored traps. Campos (2008), in an open field study, listed 22 species of tomato pollinators distributed among the families Apidae, Halictidae and Andrenidae. Insects can be attracted to colors, by means of their long photoreceptor fibers (Skorupski and Chittka, 2010; Wanga et al., 2013). Albuquerque et al. (2006) highlight melitophilia as a common pollination among the various solanaceous species, it is particularly attracted by floral structure, as is the case of the tomato in this study (Del Sarto, 2005). To pollinate the tomato, the bee’s anthers need to vibrate in order to the release pollen. This fact reduces the number of effective pollinators, since such species as Trigona spinipes (Fabricius, 1793) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) cannot vibrate (Vianna et al., 2007). Santos and Nascimento (2011), in a study of diversity indices in organic crops, reported that the most abundant family was Apidae, representing 48.76% of the total sample (Table 2). Table 3 displays various ecological indices (Shannon-Wiener and Simpson for diversity, Simpson for dominance, Margalef for richness, and Pielou for evenness) with respect to the colors of the PET traps. The data show differences in terms of diversity and richness of the insect families, highlighting the indices for the conventional system.
The order Coleoptera had an AR of 45.63% in the organic system and 13.95% in the conventional system. The Scarabaidae family had an AR of 32.05% in the organic system and 5.66% in the conventional system. Lima et al. (2013) studied diversified environments and found a significant number of this family. Matta et al. (2017) report predatory activity of the Carabidae family on weeds in cotton fields. The Carabidae family had and AR of 8.53% in the organic system and 0.41% in the conventional system. Al-Attal et al. (2003) found 36% of the total number of insects identified as specimens of this family, with diversified functions in the agroecosystem. According to Cividanes et al. (2003), specimens of the Carabidae family spread by walking or flying. In this niche, they contribute to the pollination and decomposition of particulate matter. The order Hymenoptera, generally abundant in vegetable environments, in the collections had an AR of 14.98% in the conventional system and 1.09% in the organic system. Alencar et al. (2007) and Kaminski et al. (2009) observed that this order has a diverse behavior in the agroecosystem. They are associated with specific ecological interactions as detritivores, predators, granivores, and herbivores. The Apidae family achieved an AR of 3.29% in the conventional system and 0.28% in the organic system. This is notable because these insects are important pollinators (Vianna et al., 2007).
The order Hemiptera had an AR of 19.78% in the organic system and 1.23% in the conventional system. The Cicadelidae family had a higher presence with an AR of 18.74% in the conventional system and 0.71% in the organic system. These are phytophagous insects, vectors of Xylella fastidiosa (Wells et al., 1987) (Table 4). Table 5 shows the significant results of the orders of insects collected in the colored traps. Seven orders of insects were attracted, including many of agricultural interest. The red traps attracted the orders Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, which are useful for plant pollination in both tomato growing systems. Paz and Pigozzo (2012) investigated mangrove, Atlantic Forest and Restinga, using traps with colored water. They report the most attractive colors to the insects were green, white, and blue. They show that Atlantic Forest was the environment with the greatest abundance of individuals and orders of insects, being a biome with a greater diversity of plants than other areas. The colors of the flowers and or plants serve as an attraction to insects, who visit in order to feed and lay eggs. In so doing, they pollinate as well.
CONCLUSION
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Al-Attal YZ, Kasrawi MA, Nazer IK (2003). Influence of Pollination Technique on Greenhouse Tomato Production. Agric. Marine Sci. 8(1):21-26. |
|
Alagoas (2017). Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Hídricos – AL.Diretoria de Meteorologia. Boletim anual de dados climatológicos. 2017. Disponível em: View. Acesso em 23 abr. 2017. |
|
Albuquerque LB, Velázquez A, Vasconcellos-Neto J (2006). Composição florística de solanaceae e suas síndromes de polinização e dispersão de sementes em florestas mesófilas neotropicais. Interciencia 31(011):807-816. |
|
Alencar GV, Mendonça ES, Oliveira TS, Jucksch I, Cecon PR (2013). Percepção ambiental e uso do solo por agricultores de sistemas orgânicos e convencionais na Chapada da Ibiapaba, Ceará. Rev. de Econ. e Sociologia Rural 51(2):217-236. |
|
Alencar IDCC, Fraga FB, Tavares MT, Azevedo CO (2007). Perfil da fauna de vespas parasitóides (Insecta, Hymenoptera) em uma área de Mata Atlântica do Parque Estadual de Pedra Azul, Domingos Martins, Espírito Santo, Brasil. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico, São Paulo 74(2):111-114. |
|
Amaral DS, Venzon M, Pallini A, Lima PC, Desouza O (2010). A diversificação da vegetação reduz o ataque do bicho-mineiro-do-cafeeiro Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae)? Neotrop. Entomol. 39(4):543-548. |
|
Azevedo FR, Azevedo RA, Santos CAM, Moura ES, Nere DR (2015). Análise Faunística e Flutuação Populacional da Dipterofauna de Ecossistemas da Área de Proteção Ambiental do Araripe, Barbalha, CE. EntomoBrasilis 8(2):117-124. |
|
Barbosa BC, Paschoalini M, Maciel TT, Prezoto F (2016). Visitantes florais e seus padrões temporais de atividade em flores de Dombeya wallichii (Lindl.) K. Schum (Malvaceae). Entomotropica 31(16):131-136. |
|
Bassi RMA, Cunha MCI, Coscaron AS (2000). Study of behavior of tabanids (Diptera, Tabanidae) from Brazil. Acta Biol. Par., Curitiba 29 (1, 2, 3, 4):101-115. |
|
Bustillo AE, Cárdenas R, POSADA FJ (2002). Natural Enemies and Competitors of Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Colombia. Neotrop. Entomol. 31(4) :635-639. |
|
Campos MJ (2008). Landscape management and pollinator richness in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Solanaceae) crops in Southeastern Brazil. In: Pollinators Management in Brazil. MMA: Brasília 41p. |
|
Carrano-Moreira AF (2015). Insetos: manual de coleta e identificação. 2ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Technical Books 369p. |
|
Cardozo AII (2007). Produção de pimentão com vibração das plantas. Ciênc. agrotec. Lavras 31(4):1061-1066. |
|
Cárcamo MC, Brandão RK, Costa VA, Ribeiro PB (2009). Ocorrência de Aprostocetus hagenowii (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), parasitoide de ootecas da barata americana, no Rio Grande do Sul. Ciência Rural 39(9):2649-2651. |
|
Castro MS, Koedam D, Contrera FAL, Venturieri GC, Nates-Parra G, Malagodi-Braga KS, Campos LO, Viana M, Cortopassi-Laurino M, Nogueira-Neto P, Peruquetti RC, Imperatriz-Fonseca VL (2006). Stingless bees. In: Imperatriz-Fonseca, V.L., Saraiva, A.M. & De Jong, D. Bees as pollinators in Brazil: assessing the status and suggesting best practices. Ribeirão Preto: Holos pp. 75-88. |
|
Cauich O, Quezada-Euán JJG, Macias-Macias JO, Reyes-Oregel V, Medina-Peralta S, Parra-Tabla V (2004). Behavior and pollination efficiency of Nannotrigona perilampoides (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) on greenhouse tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) in Subtropical Mexico. Hortic. Entomol. 97(2):475-481. |
|
Cividanes FJ, Souza VP, Sakemi LK (2003). Composição faunística de insetos predadores em fragmento florestal e em área de hortaliças na região de Jaboticabal, Estado de São Paulo. Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences. Maringá 25(2):315-321. |
|
Chi Chun-Huo, Lou JOST, Chao ANNE (2014). Phylogenetic beta diversity, similarity, and differentiation measures based on Hill numbers. Ecol. Monogr. 84(1):21-44. |
|
Cunha ASD, Nóbrega MAS, Antonialli Junior WF (2014). Insetos Polinizadores em Sistemas Agrícolas. Ensaios e Ciência: Ciênc. Biol. Agrár. Saúde 18(4):185-194. |
|
Del Sarto MCL (2005). Avaliação de Melipona quadrifasciata Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Apidae) como Polinizador da Cultura do Tomateiro |
|
Dutra J, Machado VL (2001). Flowering entomofauna in Stenolobium stans (Juss.) Seem (Bignoniaceae). Neotrop. Entomol. 30(1):43-53. |
|
Embrapa (2009). Mapa exploratório do reconhecimento do solo em Arapiraca-AL. Disponível em: View Acesso em 17 mar. 2017. |
|
Fernandes DRR, Bená DC, Lara RIR, IDE S, Perioto NW (2012). Nitidulidae (Coleoptera) associados a frutos do café. Coffee Sci. Lavras 7(2):135-138. |
|
Ferraz ACP, Gadelha BQ, Aguiarcoelho VM (2009). Análise faunística de Calliphoridae (Diptera) da Reserva Biológica do Tinguá, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro. Rev. Bras. de Entomologia, São Paulo 53(4):620-628. |
|
Freitas BM, Martins CF, Schlindwein CP, Wittman D, Santos IA, Cane JH, Ribeiro MF, Gaglianone MC (2006). Bumble bees and Solitary bees. In: Imperatriz- Fonseca, V.L., Saraiva, A.M. & De Jong, D. Bees as pollinators in Brazil: assessing the status and suggesting best practices. Ribeirão Preto: Holos pp. 55-62. |
|
Gaertner C, Borba RS (2014). Diferentes cores de armadilhas adesivas no monitoramento de pragas em alface hidropônica. Rev. Thema 11(01). |
|
Gullan PJ, Cranston OS (2008). Os insetos: um resumo de entomologia. São Paulo: Rocca, 2008. |
|
Gusmão MR (2004). Amostragem de Liriomyza trifolii (Burguess) (Diptera: Agromizydae) no Tomateiro. 2004. 83 f. (Tese de Doutorado). Tese de Doutorado apresentado à Universidade Federal de Viçosa – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia. Viçosa-MG. |
|
Harterreiten-Souza ES, Pires CSS, Carneiro RGC, Sujii ER (2011). Predadores e Parasitoides: aliados do produtor rural no processo de transição agroecológica. Brasília, DF: Emater, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, CNPq. 92p. |
|
Kaminski LA, Sendoya SF, Freitas AVL, Oliveira P (2009). Ecologia comportamental na interface formiga-planta-herbívoro: interações entre formigas e lepidópteros. Oecologia Brasiliensis, 13(1):27-44. |
|
Letourneau DK, Goldstein B (2001). Pest damage and arthropod community structure in organic vs. conventional tomato production in California. J. Appl. Ecol. 38:557-570. |
|
Letourneau DK, Bothwell SG (2008). Comparison of organic and conventional farms: challenging ecologists to make biodiversity functional. Front Ecol. Environ. 6(8):430-438. |
|
Lima VP, Serra AL (2008). Análise morfológica comparada da venação de asas da ordem Diptera (Linnaeus, 1758- Arthropoda, Insecta). Conscientia e Saúde, São Paulo 7(4):525-533. |
|
Lima IMM (2002). Registro da ocorrência de Cybocephalus sp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) predando espécies-praga de Diaspididae (Hemiptera), no estado de Alagoas. Neotrop. Entomol. 31(1):157-159. |
|
Lima MGA, Silva RPA, Sousa MDF, Costa EM (2013). Diversidade de Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) no Parque Botânico do Ceará, Caucaia - CE, Brasil. Revista Agro@mbiente On-line 7(1):89-94. |
|
Matta DH, Cividanes FJ, Silva RJ, Batista MN, Otuka AK, Correia ET, Matos STS (2017). Feeding habits of Carabidae (Coleoptera) associated with herbaceous plants and the phenology of coloured cotton. Acta Scientiarum. Agron. Maringá 39(2):135-142. |
|
Medeiros MA, Harterreiten-Souza ES, Togni PHB, Milane PVGN, Pires CSS, Carneiro RG, Sujii ER (2011). Princípios e práticas ecológicas para o manejo de insetos praga na agricultura (livreto). Brasília: Emater-DF / Embrapa. 1:44. |
|
Mendes RS, Evangelista LR, Thomaz SM, Agostinho AA, Gomes C (2008). A unified index to measure ecological diversity and species rarity. Ecography 31(4):450-456. |
|
Mikuška A, Mlinarić S, Begović L, Curran E (2016). Comparative efficiency of traps for horse fly (Diptera: Tabanidae) survey in riparian oak-ash forests in Danube floodplain. Eur. J. Entomol. 113:531–536. |
|
Moura AP, Michereff Filho M, Guimarães JA, Liz RS (2014). Manejo integrado de pragas do tomateiro para processamento industrial. EMBRAPA – Circular Técnica –nº 129, Fevereiro. |
|
Noubissié JBT, Yadji HT, Baldena I (2012). Screening Sorghum Populations for Resistance to Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth in Northern Cameroon. Ann. Biol. Res. 3(5):2357-2364. |
|
Parra JRP, Botelho PSM, Correa-Ferreira BS, Bento JMS (2002). Controle biológico no Brasil: parasitóides e predadores. São Paulo: Editora Manole 609p. |
|
Paula DP, Andow DA, Pires SCS, Sujii ER (2015). Impacto da Introdução de Pragas sobre a Biodiversidade. Cap. 3. In: Sugayama, R. L.; Lopes-Da-Silva, M.; Silva, S. X. B.; Ribeiro, L. C.; Rangel, P. L.E. Defesa vegetal: fundamentos, ferramentas, políticas e perspectivas. 1ª ed. Belo Horizonte; SBDA-Sociedade Brasileira de Defesa Agropecuária 544p. |
|
Paz JRL, Pigozzo CM (2012). Comparação da Entomofauna Coletada por Armadilhas Coloridas de Água em um Fragmento de Mata Atlântica e Dois Ecossistemas Associados, Bahia. Candombá – Revista Virtual 8(1):63-72. |
|
Pielou EC (1975). Ecological Diversity. Wiley Interscience, New York. |
|
Pielou EC (1966). The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. J. Theor. Biol.13:131-144. |
|
Rafael JA, Melo GAR, Carvalho CJB, Casari AS (2012). Insetos do Brasil: Diversidade e Taxonomia. Ribeirão Preto: Holos, Editora 810p. |
|
Ramalho M (2004). Stingless bees and mass flowering trees in the canopy of Atlantic Forest: a tight relationship. Acta Bot. Bras., 18(1):37-47. |
|
Ribeiro FV (2005). Biodiversidade e distribuição geográfica de Anastrepha spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) no Alto e Médio Rio Solimões, Amazonas. 2005. 106f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Agricultura e Sustentabilidade na Amazônia) - Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus. |
|
Ricotta C (2005). Through the jungle of biological diversity. Acta Biotheor. 53(1):29-38. |
|
Rocha JF, Pimentel RR, Rosa MMT, Machado SR (2010). Anatomia e histoquímica dos nectários florais de Dombeya wallichii (Lindl.) K. Schum. e Dombeya natalensis Sond. (Malvaceae). Rev. Biol. Neotrop. 7(1):27-36. |
|
Rodrigues WC (2017). DivEs - Diversidade de Espécies v4.0. Software e guia do usuário. Disponível em:< http://dives.ebras.bio.br>. Acesso em 15 de jan. 2017. |
|
Santos JP, Wamser AF, Becker WF, Mueller S, Suzuki A (2008). Captura de insetos sugadores e fitófagos com uso de armadilhas adesivas de diferentes cores nos sistemas de produção convencional e integrada de tomate em Caçador, SC. Hortic. Bras. 26: S157-S163. |
|
Santos JPS, Wamser AF, Mueller WFBS, Romano F (2008). Atraidos pela cor. Tomate-Cultivar HF, Fevereiro / Março. pp. 18-19. |
|
Santos AB, Nascimento FS (2011). Diversidade de visitantes florais e potenciais polinizadores de Solanum lycopersicum (Linnaeus) (Solanales: Solanaceae) em cultivos orgânicos e convencionais. Neotrop. Biol. Conserv. 6(3):162-169. |
|
Seltmann K (2004). Building web-based interactive keys to the Hymenopteran families and superfamilies. Lexington, Kentucky, 2004. 73 p. Dissertação (Master of Science in Entomology in the College of Agriculture) - University of Kentucky. |
|
Silva FF, Carvalho GA (2015). Espécies, número e frequência de visitantes florais em culturas agrícolas submetidas à aplicação de produtos fitossanitários. Arq. Inst. Biol., São Paulo 82:1-7. |
|
Silva FAS, Azevedo CAV (2009). The Assistat Software Version 7.7 and its use in the analysis of experimental data. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 11(39):3733-3740. |
|
Skorupski P, Chittka L (2010). Photoreceptor Spectral Sensitivity in the Bumblebee, Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae). PLoS ONE 5(8): e12049. |
|
Soares JBC, Costa EM, Silva FEL, Araujo EL (2016). Insect diversity in an experimental vineyard in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Revista Caatinga, Mossoró, 29(1):239-245. |
|
Souza DTM (2011). Comportamento forrageiro de insetos visitantes florais da romãzeira (L.). Magistra 23(3):122-128. |
|
Susek A, Ivancic A (2006). Pollinators of Helleborus niger in Slovenian naturally occurring populations. Acta Agric. Slovenica pp. 205-211. |
|
Togni PHB, Cavalcante KR, Langer LF, Gravina CS, Medeiros M, Pires CSS. Fontes EMG, Sujii ER (2010). Conservação de inimigo naturais (Insecta) em tomateiro orgânico. Instituto Biologico, 77(4):669-676. |
|
Triplehorn CA, Johnson NF (2005). Borror and delong's introduction to the study of insects. Belmont: Thomson Brooks. |
|
Vasconcellos A, Andreazze R, Almeida AM, Araujo HFP, Oliveira ES, Oliveira U (2010). Seasonality of insects in the semi-arid Caatinga of northeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, Curitiba, 54(3):471-476. |
|
Vianna MA, Marco-Junior P, Campos LA (2007). O. Manejo de polinizadores e o incremento da produtividade agrícola: uma abordagem sustentável dos serviços do ecossistema. Resumo do II Congresso Brasileiro de Agroecologia. Rev. Bras. Agroecologia. 2(1):144-147. |
|
Virginio F, Maciel TT, Barbosa BC (2016). Novas contribuições para o conhecimento de vespas sociais (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) para Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Entomotropica 31(26):221-22. |
|
Vrdoljak SM, Samways MJ (2012). Optimising coloured pan traps to survey flower visiting insects. J. Insect Conserv. 16:345-354. |
|
Wanga H, Conchou L, Bessière J, Cazals G, Schatz B, Imbert E (2013). Flower color polymorphism in Iris lutescens (Iridaceae): Biochemical analyses in light of plant–insect interactions. Phytochemistry 94:123-134. |
|
Wells JM BC, Raju H, Hung WG, Weinsberg L, Mandelco-Paul DJB (1987). Xylella fastidiosa gen. nov. sp.nov.: Gram-negative, sylem-limited fastidiosa bacteria related to Xanthomonas spp. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37:136-143. |
|
Wilsey BJ, Chalcraft DR, Bowles CM, Willig MR (2005). Relationships among indices suggest that richness is an incomplete surrogate for grassland biodiversity. Ecology 86(5):1178-1184. |
|
Zanzini ACS (2005). Descritores Quantitativos de Riqueza e Diversidade de Espécies Lavras: UFLA/FAEPE. 43p. |
Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0