This study examines the challenges and current state of irrigated agriculture in the Fogera Plain, Ethiopia, which is crucial for food security and economic stability. Agriculture in Ethiopia faces increasing pressures from climate change, population growth, and resource degradation. Heavy reliance on rainfed farming, water scarcity, and inefficient irrigation hinder productivity. Using a mixed-methods approach, this research combines household surveys, interviews, focus groups, and field observations with secondary data analysis. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS, while qualitative data were thematically examined. In Fogera, 20% of arable land is irrigated, primarily through furrow and canal systems, relying on surface water from the Gumara and Ribb rivers and supplemental groundwater. Seasonal fluctuations, groundwater over-extraction, and fuel shortages disrupt irrigation. Poor infrastructure, inadequate maintenance, and inefficient resource management further limit productivity. Additionally, market barriers such as poor transportation and price volatility constrain profitability.To enhance sustainability, this study recommends improved water management, infrastructure development, alternative energy solutions, and better market access. Addressing these challenges is essential for strengthening irrigation systems, improving agricultural output, and ensuring food security in the region.

Keywords: irrigated agriculture, food security, water scarcity, groundwater and surface water, smallholder farmers, irrigation systems