Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a naturally occurring sporulating bacterium isolated worldwide from different ecosystems. It is packed with several Cry proteins that are toxic to different organisms. The presence of Cry toxins is the main factor conferring entomopathogenic properties to Bt which makes Bt different from other Bacilli. The Cry proteins are encoded by Cry genes, there are many Cry genes. Some single strains of Bt contain more than one Cry gene conferring superior entomopathogenic properties. Also, B. thuringiensis produces other entomopathogenic factors such as Vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vip) and Secreted insecticidal proteins (Sip). However, a subset of Cry anticancer proteins, termed parasporins (PSs), have been isolated as a potential alternative for cancer treatment with low or no cytotoxicity towards normal human cells. Although generally regarded as safe, B. thuringiensis has been phylogenetically intermingled with the foodborne pathogen and has been linked to foodborne outbreaks. This discovery suggests there may be a future decline in the advanced use of Bt especially as a biopesticide. In this regard, critical review and research into these discoveries become paramount. Therefore, the search for new strains of Bt for the production of effective toxins has progressed with significant successful results. Comparatively, little is known about other proteins and metabolites synthesized by B. thuringiensis that could also have other applications. This work therefore focuses on exploring Bacillus thurringiensis isolates, genes, constituents, and diverse potential applications, particularly in agriculture, environment, health, and industry, with improvement recommendations beyond plant protection against Insect attack.

Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt isolates, Bt genes, Applications, Advanced use