Full Length Research Paper
References
|
Ahmed J, Jan AH, Nawaz G, Khan M (2011). Epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from Northern Pakistan. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 5(28):4949-4955. |
|
|
Ahmed W, Rana MN, Muzaffar NA, Abbassi S (2014). Microorganisms related with ventilator Associated pneumonia (VAP) and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. J. Rawalpindi Med. Coll. 18(1):45-48. |
|
|
Ali S, Waheed K, Iqbal ZH (2015). Microbiological pattern of ventilator associated pneumonia. J. Ayub Med. Coll. Abbottabad 27(l):117-119. |
|
|
Arabi Y, Al-Shirawi N, Memish Z, Anzueto A (2008). Ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults in developing countries: a systematic review. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 12:505-512. |
|
|
Ashour HM, El-Sharif A (2009). Species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of gram-negative aerobic bacteria in hospitalized cancer patients. J. Transl. Med. 7:14. |
|
|
ATS (2005). Infectious diseases society of America Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital acquired, ventilator associated and health care associated pneumonia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171:388-416. |
|
|
Borer A, Gilad J, Smolyakov R, Eskira S, Peled N, Porat N, Hyam E, Trefler R, Riesenberg K, Schlaeffer F (2005). Cell phones and Acinetobacter transmission. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11:7. |
|
|
Brusselaers N, Labeau S, Vogelaers D, Blot S (2013). Value of lower respiratory tract surveillance cultures to predict bacterial pathogens in ventilator-associated pneumonia: systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 39:365-375. |
|
|
Charles MP, Easow JM, Joseph NM, Ravishankar M, Kumar S (2013). Aetiological agents of ventilator-associated pneumonia and its resistance pattern-a threat for treatment. Aust. Med. J. 6(9):430-434. |
|
|
CLSI (2010). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Twentieth informational supplement, document M100-S20, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA. USA. |
|
|
Corrêa RDA, Luna CM, Anios JC, Barbosa EA, Rezende CJ, Rezende AP, Pereira FH, Rocha MO (2014). Quantitative culture of endotracheal aspirate and BAL fluid samples in the management of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia: a randomized clinical trial. J. Bras. Pneumol. 40(6):643-651. |
|
|
Daef EA, Elsherbiny NM (2012). Clinical and Microbiological Profile of Nosocomial Infections in Adult Intensive Care Units at Assiut University Hospitals, Egypt. J. Am. Sci. 8(12):1239-1250. |
|
|
Daef EA, Mohamed IS, Ahmed AS, Elgendy SG (2014). Detection of outbreak caused by multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Assiut University Hospitals. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 8(22):2238-2244. |
|
|
Eckert C, Gautier V, Saladin-Allard M, Hidri N, Verdez C, Ould-Hocine Z., Branaud G. (2004). Dissmeniataion of CTX-M-type beta-lactamasses among clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Paris, France. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48:1249-1255. |
|
|
Forbes BA, Sahm DF and Weissfeld AS (2007). 12th ed. Missouri: Elsevier; Bailey and Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology. P 811. |
|
|
Francois B, Antoine A, Michel W, Lila (2013). Hospital-acquired Pneumonia and ventilator- associated Pneumonia. Recent Advances in Epidemiology and Management. Bouadma Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 19(3):216-228. |
|
|
Ghafourian S, Sadeghifard N, Soheili S, Sekawi Z (2015). Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamases: Definition, Classification and Epidemiology. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 17:11-22. |
|
|
Golia S (2013). Microbial profile of early and late onset ventilator associated pneumonia. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 7(11):2462- 2466. |
|
|
Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired ventilator-associated, and /healthcare-associated pneumonia (2005). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171:388-416. |
|
|
Gupta A, Agrawal A, Mehrotra S, Singh A, Malik S, Khanna A (2011). Incidence, risk sratification,antibiogram of pathogens isolated from ventilator associated pneumonia . Indian J. Crit. Care Med. 15:96-101. |
|
|
Gurgun A, Ekren PK, Bacakoglu F, Basoglu OK (2013). The role of endotracheal aspiration in the diagnosis of ventilator associated pneumonia. Tuberk Toraks 61(4):288-294. |
|
|
Harvey RA, Champe PC, Fisher BD (2012). Lippincott,s illustrated Reviews series:Microbiology.2nd Ed. Williams and Wilkins Publisher, London UK. |
|
|
Jones RN (2010). Microbial etiologies of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator associated bacterial pneumonia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 51(Suppl 1):S81-S87. |
|
|
Joseph NM, Sistla S, Dutta TK, Badhe AS, Parija SC (2010). Ventilator-associated pneumonia: role of colonizers and value of routine endotracheal aspirate cultures. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 14:e723-e729. |
|
|
Karlowsky JA, Hoban DJ, DeCorby MR, Laing NM, Zhanel GG (2006). Flouroquinolone-resistant urinary isolates of Escherichia coli from outpatients are frequently multidrug resistant: Results from the North American urinary tract infection collaborative alliance-quinolone resistance study. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50(6):2251-2254. |
|
|
Lagamayo EN (2008). Antimicrobial resistance in major pathogens of hospital-acquired pneumonia in Asian countries. Am. J. Infect Contr. 36:S101-8. |
|
|
Lee MS, Walker V, Chen LF, Sexton DJ, Anderson DJ (2013). The Epidemiology of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in a Network of Hospital: A Prospective Multicenter study. Infect. Contr. Hosp. Epidemiol. 34:657-662. |
|
|
Melsen WG, Rovers MM, Bonten MJ. (2009). Ventilator-associated pneumonia and mortality: a systematic review of observational studies. Crit. Care Med. 37(10):2709-2718. |
|
|
Mokhless NAS, El-Mofty MF, Hanafi NF, Fayed AM and Asser SL (2010). Atypical bacteria in ventilator associated pneumonia; an Egyptian university hospital experience. J. Am. Sci. 6(12):1074-1079. |
|
|
Mukhopadhya C, Krishna S, Shenoy A, Prakashini K (2010). Clinical, radiological and microbiological corroboration to assess the role of endotracheal aspirate in diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia in an intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital, India. 14th International Congress on Infectious Diseases (ICID). |
|
|
Muscedere J, Dodek P, Keenan S, Fowler R, Cook D, Heyland D (2008). VAP Guidelines Committee and the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group 2008. Comprehensive evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for ventilator-associated pneumonia: prevention. J. Crit. Care 23:126-137. |
|
|
Muscedere JG, Shorr AF, Jiang X, Day A, Heyland DK. (2012). Canadian Critical Care Trials Group The adequacy of timely empiric antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia: an important determinant of outcome. J. Crit. Care 27(3):322.e7-14. |
|
|
Nair S, Sen N, Peter JV, Raj JP, Brahmadathan KN (2008). Role of quantitative endotracheal aspirate and cultures as a surveillance and diagnostic tool for ventilator-associated pneumonia: A pilot study. Indian J. Med. Sci. 62:304-313. |
|
|
Rajasekhar T, Anuradha K, Suhasini T, Lakshmi V (2006). The role of quantitative cultures of non-bronchoscopic samples in ventilator associated pneumonia. Indian J. Med. Microbiol. 24:107-13. |
|
|
Raoof S, Baumann MH (2014). An official multi-society statement: ventilator-associated events: the new definition. Crit. Care Med. 42:228-229. |
|
|
Varun G, Sumati AH, Karadesai SG (2012). Ventilator associated pneumonia in a medical intensive care unit: Microbial aetiology, susceptibility patterns of isolated microorganisms and outcome. Indian J. Anaesth. 56(6):558-562. |
|
|
Willemsen I, Bogaers-Hofman D, Winters M, Kluytmans J (2009). Correlation between antibiotic use and resistance in a hospital: temporary and ward-specific observations. Infection 37:432-137. |
|
|
Yagmurdur H, Tezcan AH, Karakurt O, Leblebici F (2016). The efficiency of routine endotracheal aspirate cultures compared to bronchoalveolar lavage cultures in ventilator-associated pneumonia diagnosis. Niger. J. Clin. Pract. 19:46-51. |
|
|
Yang K, Zhuo H, Guglielmo BJ, Wiener-Kronish J (2009). Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: The Role of Endotracheal Aspirate Surveillance Cultures. Ann. Pharmacother. 43(1):28-35. |
|
Copyright © 2025 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
