This study evaluated farmers' perception of the efficiency of Artificial Insemination (AI) in dairy cattle in four Tanzanian regions: Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro, Mbeya, and Mwanza. Using a pre-tested questionnaire, data were gathered from 212 farmers, exploring socio-demographic characteristics, animal management, breeding practices, challenges, and suggestions for AI improvement. AI efficiency was assessed through the Number of Services per Conception (NSC). Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression identified factors influencing AI efficiency. Results indicated AI efficiency above 50% in the studied regions. Significant factors for increased AI efficiency included being male (AOR: 2.932, p=0.0125), having higher education (AOR: 15.944, p<0.0001), and having over 20 years of AI experience (AOR: 5.326, p=0.0069). Addressing difficulties in obtaining AI services increased the odds by 2.429 times (p=0.0349). Timely response to AI services was critical, with a rejection-and-wait approach decreasing efficiency (AOR: 0.262, p=0.0100). Region-specific and farm-size associations were insignificant following adjustments. Optimal dairy cattle reproductive efficiency in Tanzania requires considering socio-demographic factors, animal management practices, overcoming challenges, incorporating farmer feedback, targeting higher reproductive outcomes, and sustainable growth of the dairy industry.

Keywords: Artificial insemination, Reproductive efficiency, Dairy farming, Number of services per conception