Globally, diarrhea is the second leading cause of death of children under five, with approximately 760,000 of these children dying annually (WHO, 2015). Every year, nearly 760,000 under-5 children continue to die from diarrheal disease, and the majority of these deaths have been identified as being avoidable (Ramanaiah et al., 2015).

 The fight against diarrheal diseases in under-5 children was the subject of several international interventions as well as regional and national interventions in low and middle-income countries (Rahman et al., 2014).Indeed, diarrhea diseases remain linked largely to living conditions  such  as;  poverty,  lack  of   hygiene,  lack   of   good drinking water, malnutrition, maternal education and others. The results of earlier studies have also shown that lack of sanitation, availability and supply of good drinking water and lack of proper sanitation and hygiene, generally are expected to increase the risk of diarrheal morbidity and mortality in infants (Gebru et al., 2014).

Diarrhea rates in Ghana are reported to be high. It is estimated that 113,786 cases of diarrhea were recorded in Ghana for children under-five years in 2011. Approximately 2,318 diarrhea cases reported had severe dehydration with 354 deaths within the 2011 year period. The fight against diarrheal diseases in under-5 children was the subject of several international interventions as well as regional and national interventions in low and middle-income countries (Rahman et al., 2014).

None the less, Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) in 2008 estimated diarrhea prevalence among children under the age of five to be 19.8%. Diarrhea kills 10,000 children under -5 years annually and the disease is contracted through ingestion of contaminated and unsafe water which results in frequent passing of stool and vomiting and thus causes dehydration within a very short time (Environment News Ghana and Ghana News -SpyGhana.com, 2013). The Northern Region of Ghana has been classified as one of the poverty stricken regions of Ghana. Indeed, diarrheal diseases remain linked largely to living conditions, poverty, lack of hygiene, and lack of drinking water in households and in the neighborhood despite several interventions by various stakeholders. The Northern region still has a higher  under-five mortality rates from 154 per 1000 live births in 2003 and 137 per 1000 live births in 2008 (GDHS, 2008). In 2013 fiscal year (West Mamprusi District Assembly composite budget, 2013); reported diarrhea to be among the top ten diseases in the district. However, there is no published study that has examined trends and risk factors for diarrhea morbidity and mortality in children under-five in the West Mamprusi District of the Northern Region of Ghana over a five years’ period; hence there is little or no evidence of diarrhea reported cases in the district to enhance decision-making on diarrhea outcomes. Therefore identifying the causes of diarrhea in children under-five is very crucial for the effective implementation of child health intervention programs for policy formulation and the general assessment of resource requirements and intervention prioritization in the district. 

 

The areas under study are Janga and kparigu, these two communities are suburbs of the West Mamprusi District   in the Northern Region of Ghana. Janga and kparigu are both low-income communities in the District which have majority of their population being farmers and the few others being fisher folks. Consent for this research  study  was  obtained  from   the   West-Mamprusi   district Health Directorate. At all levels, officials were contacted and permission from administrators and participants was secured. A descriptive research design was employed for the study through the use of structured questionnaires. A sample size of 60 respondents was used for the study. Thirty respondents were drawn from each study area. Health professionals’ views on the risks factors/determinants of diarrhea were also seeked from 10 health professionals from the Janga polyclinic and 9 from the PPAG facility at Kparigu which together made up nineteen health professionals contacted for the study. Snowball sampling technique was used for the study from which participants were drowned. A questionnaire comprises of closed and open-ended questions for the respondents. The questionnaire was designed with the focus on key themes like; profile of household mothers with children under five; knowledge and awareness of diarrhea; causes and symptoms of diarrhea; immediate actions taken by mothers whose children have experience diarrhea; source, hand washing and how it is done at critical times; storage and treatment of drinking water; availability of household toilet facility; participation in health education programs and others.

DATA ANALYSIS

Data were sorted and compiled in order to ensure accuracy and completeness. The data were then coded and analyzed by using descriptive statistics with SPSS Statistics Software Version 20.0 and Microsoft Excel.

ETHICAL CLEARANCE

Consent for this study was obtained from the West-Mamprusi district Health Directorate. At all levels, officials were contacted and confidentiality assured.

 

Table 1 presents the educational background and the occupational status of the study respondents. Most of them did not have any formal education (31.7%), followed by SHS (23.3%), JHS (21.7%). Also a few number of the respondents had tertiary and primary education (10%), with the least being technical/vocation (3.3%) respectively. It is believed that women’s education has an influence in their health and decision making regarding their health as well as their children as most of the respondents agreed. Respondent’s occupational status showed that; most of the study participants were self-employed (61.7%) and some were unemployed (25%) as indicated in Table 1. In view of this, the majority that was self-employed and unemployed may have ample time to care for the health needs of their children.

 

 

Awareness/knowledge of diarrhea

Regarding respondent’s knowledge and awareness of diarrhea, majority (98.3%) indicated they were aware of the diarrhea. The study further  revealed  that,  almost  all respondent (90%) have knowledge on diarrhea. The response from the majority reflects that of as passing frequent, loose, watery stools three or more times in a day.

Causes of diarrhea

The result shown on Table 2 indicate the views of respondents on the causes of diarrhea in the study area. Majority of the respondents concluded that, under-five diarrhea is generally caused by contaminated food (96.7%) and poor food hygiene practice (93.3%). It is generally believed by the respondents that, lack of maternal education (86.3%), malnutrition (65), lack of maternal care (46.7%), are all major determinants responsible for the cause of diarrhea in the area. Under-five diarrhea diseases have a link between immunodeficiency for certain diseases such as HIV and hepatitis and infections with organisms e.g. viruses and bacteria etc. the responses representing the views of respondents are not quite convincing. This means that parents attitude generally will result to transmission of diarrhea disease to their children and that could possibly be responsible for the increasing rate of morbidity in the area.

 

 

Signs and symptoms of diarrhea

Table 3 presents the signs and symptoms of diarrhea. majority of the respondents who participated in the survey indicated; abdominal pain (90%), presence of fever (83.3%), passing three/more unformed stools in a day (56.7%), presence of vomiting (73.3%) as major signs and symptoms of diarrhea. This therefore  indicates that mothers had a little knowledge about diarrhea.

 

 

Action taken for a child experiencing diarrhea

Mothers were asked of the treatment measures sought for their children experiencing diarrhea. Amongst the mothers interviewed, majority take their children to a near-by health facility (55%). Quite an appreciable number of respondents also resort to the use of ORS (23.3%) and others also consult the pharmacy shop/drug shop (21.7%). The majority that resorted to hospitals as remedies for their children experiencing diarrhea were aware of the problems it is associated with (Table 4).

 

 

Critical time of washing hands

Participants were also asked to ascertain how hand washing  is   done   at   critical   times.   It   was   revealed  that, majority of respondents wash their hands only after cleaning child’s defecation (95%) and personal defecation (96.7%) followed by a significant percentage that include washing hands before preparing child’s food (38.3%), and others such as; personal urination and before breastfeeding child as indicated in the Table 5. Mothers only wash practice hand washing after either defecation or cleaning child’s defecation and responses could prove they may be ignorant of other activities such as urination, before cooking and others.

 

 

Availability of household toilet facility

The study also revealed that, most of the respondents did not have household toilet facilities (55%). This means that, other ways such as; open defecation etc. were resorted to when the need arises and could lead to diarrhea. Therefore there should be extensive education on the need to have toilet facility at home by health authorities.

Participation in health promotion/education programs

The responses of household mothers to whether they have had any health education  programs,  showed  most of the respondents (51.7%) had health education and could explain some measures for the prevention of diarrhea. Some of the measures explained were that; cleaning and weeding around the environment could reduce the risk of getting diarrhea; boiling leftover food; personal hygiene and drinking good water were all measures to prevent diarrhea. It is interesting to note that, a mother aged 55 years lamented that; children nowadays get sick because of certain attitude and behavior of mothers such as; good hygiene practices. She further explained that; lamented that; “My late mother use to boil leftover food for us when we were children and we never experience things like diarrhea”. This means that, initiating and intensifying more of these programs could have a great impact on behavioral change of mothers that could lead to diseases. This will also help reduce the burden of diarrhea morbidity and mortality in the area.

Figure 1 reveals health professionals ranking on the risk factors of diarrhea in order of highest to the least based on their severity. Overall, poor food hygiene practices (73.2%) and contaminated food (52%) has been ranked as the major risk factors of the diarrhea in the area. It is generally believed by respondents that good hygiene practices and food source could prevent diarrhea.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Findings from the study revealed that, most household mothers do not have any formal education (31.7%), SHS (23.3%), JHS (21.7%). Also a few number of the respondents had tertiary and primary education (10%), with the least being technical/vocation (3.3%) respectively. It is believed that women’s education has an influence in their health and decision making regarding their health as well as their children. This agrees with a study that was conducted by Mihrete et al. (2014) to identify the determinants of childhood diarrhea among under-five children in northwest Ethiopia which found that education was significantly associated with child diarrhea.

The results of the current study is similar to a study by Gibru et al. (2014), which found that children whose mothers cannot read and write were more likely to have diarrhea. Mother’s education level provides knowledge on hygienic practices, child feeding and additional sanitation practices, which in turn are critical factors of childhood diarrhea. The study revealed the occupational status of household mothers as; self-employed (61.7%), unemployed (25%) and others. The current study find a significant association between mother work status and under 5 diarrhea which was in line with a study by Mihrete et al. (2014) that found a positive association between working mothers and the risk for childhood diarrhea. Working mother do not have enough time to take care of her child since she spends most of her time at work which might increase the risk of the child to have diarrhea whereas, non-working mothers spend more time at home taking care of the child  thus  reducing  the  child risk of experiencing diarrhea.

Furthermore, the study revealed that, causes of diarrhea were; contaminated food and poor food hygiene practices (96.7%), lack of personal hygiene (93.3%), poor sanitation (91.7%), and lack of maternal care (86.3%). This is directly in line with the health professionals’ survey which also showed that; lack of personal hygiene practices, poor food hygiene practices, contaminated food, and poor sanitation with each representing 100% respectively as the common risk factors for diarrhea morbidity and mortality in the study area. This was also observed by (UNICEF/WHO, 2013) that, in every 20 s a child dies as a result of poor sanitation and 80% of diseases in developing countries are caused by poor sanitation. This is further supported by a research in 2012 that; a total of 842,000 diarrheal deaths resulted from poor water, sanitation and hygiene (Mills and Cumming, 2016). Others causes of under-five diarrhea from the study were; lack of maternal education (86.3%), malnutrition (68%), lack of maternal care (46.7%). It was also found that, under-five diarrhea has a link between immunodeficiency for certain diseases such as HIV and hepatitis and infections with organisms e.g. viruses and bacteria etc.

Regarding type of treatment household mothers sought to treat their children experiencing diarrhea, it was revealed that; most mothers took their children to the near-by health facility (55%). Some resorted to the use of ORS (23.3%) and others also consulted the pharmacy shop/drug shop (21.7%). More so, drinking water source for households were mostly open wells (61.7%), borehole (35%) and tap water. Again, the  storage  place  of  water for mothers was pots (38.3%). metal drums, rubber containers (31%), barrels (13.3%) whilst (8%) store their water in jerry cans. This was in line with Mengistie et al. (2013) where diarrhea was significantly associated with domestic water supply from unimproved sources among children under five in eastern Ethiopia. The majority that depends on open wells which were mostly unprotected were more at risk of their children experiencing diarrhea. Most of the storage containers such as pots and metal drums were not covered and could lead to contamination. In contrast, Gebru et al. (2014) did not find any significant association between water source and childhood diarrhea.

Findings again revealed that hand washing was done; after cleaning child’s defecation (95%) and personal defecation (96.7%) followed by a significant percentage that include washing hands before preparing child’s food (38.3%), and others such as; personal urination and before breastfeeding child. A proper hand washing with soap and running water could reduce the burden of diarrhea if adhere to. It has been proven that many of these deaths could be prevented through hand washing with soap which alone can reduce diarrhea by up to 50%, yet only 20% of Ghanaians wash their hands with soap (UNICEF Ghana; 2015-2016).

Regarding household toilets, it was revealed that, (55%) households did not have toilet facilities. This is in clear support of Watkins (2006) that; about 2.6 billion people, which are about 50% of the developing world’s populations, do not have access to basic toilet facilities and it would lead to infections e.g. diarrhea etc.

Finally, some of the respondents (51.7%) have had health education and could explained state measures to reduce the risk of exposure to diarrhea as; cleaning and weeding; boiling leftover food; personal hygiene and drinking good water etc. It is interesting to note that, a mother aged 55 years lamented that, “children will always get diarrhea in this community, some of us as mothers do not maintain good hygiene practices e.g. taking good care of leftover foods. “My late mother use to boil leftover food for us to eat when we were children and we never experience things like diarrhea”.

 

 

Data used in this study were basically from the use of a structured questionnaire regarding risk factors of diarrhea. Moreover, data from the District Health Directorate (DHD) was used to establish the trend of diarrhea in the selected communities. These questions relied on the mother’s assessment of the risk factors of diarrhea instead of much data from the DHD. Thus, the trend established here is not as current data on diarrhea cases from 2015-2017 were lacking. Another limitation was recall bias. Mothers  might  have  forgotten  or  being bias in responding to the questionnaires during the interview leading to misreporting.

 

Findings have confirmed that mortality from diarrhea has fallen considerably yet morbidity has remained a serious issue over the years. It is difficult to establish the contributory factors that resulted to the considerable reduction in under-five mortality rate perhaps; it might be due to the integration of several factors including the promotion of oral rehydration therapy or use, health education and promotion programs. It is recommended that, the District Health Administration initiate health promotion and education programs to sensitize mothers’ on food hygiene practices.

 

The authors have not declared any conflict of interests.

 

The author wish to appreciate the support of District Health Directorate and Mr. Aliu and Madam Sirina who are both nurses at the various study areas and also grateful to the respondents who willingly participated in the survey for providing me with information.