Journal of
Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences

  • Abbreviation: J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci.
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 2006-9820
  • DOI: 10.5897/JTEHS
  • Start Year: 2009
  • Published Articles: 219

Full Length Research Paper

Investigation of possible human exposure to metals concentration in vegetables

Hilma Rantilla Amwele
  • Hilma Rantilla Amwele
  • Department of Agriculture, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia.
  • Google Scholar
Lebogang Motsei
  • Lebogang Motsei
  • Department of Animal Science, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa.
  • Google Scholar
Gideon Kalumbu
  • Gideon Kalumbu
  • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia.
  • Google Scholar
Nnenesi Kgabi
  • Nnenesi Kgabi
  • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia.
  • Google Scholar
Raymond Limen Njinga
  • Raymond Limen Njinga
  • Centre for Applied Radiation Science and Technology, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa.
  • Google Scholar
Victor Makondelele Tshivhase
  • Victor Makondelele Tshivhase
  • Centre for Applied Radiation Science and Technology, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa.
  • Google Scholar


  •  Received: 17 October 2016
  •  Accepted: 09 May 2017
  •  Published: 31 July 2017

References

Adriano DC (2001). Trace Elements in Terrestrial Environments. 2nd Edition. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA.
Crossref

 

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2005). Toxicological profile for tin and tin compounds. US Department of health and human services. Public Health Service.

 
 

Encyclopaedia Britannica (2009). North West. North West province, S.Af. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Available at: 

View

 
 

Environmental Affair, Republic of South Africa (EA-RSA) (2010). Framework for Environmental management of Contaminated Land. P 23.

 
 

Food Safety Authority Ireland (FSAI) (2009). Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, Tin and Arsenic in Food. Toxicology factsheet series. P 1.

 
 

Ghosh AK, Bhatt MA, Agrawa HP (2012). Effect of longterm application of treated sewage water on heavy metal accumulation in vegetables grown in Northern India. Environ. Monit. Asses. 184:1025-1036.
Crossref

 
 

Gilbert SG (2004). A Small Dose of Toxicology: The Health Effects of Common Chemicals, 1st Edition, CRC Press LLC. ISBN:978-0-9833378-3-6.
Crossref

 
 

McGrath MT (2004). What are Fungicides. The Plant Health Instructor. Available at: 
Crossref

 
 

Nordberg GF, Fowler BA, Nordberg M (eds) (2007). Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. 3rd edition. Elsevier. ISBN.978-0-12-369413-3.

 
 

Nordberg GF, Fowler Monica BA, Nordberg M (eds) (2015). Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. 4th Edition, In: Alison Elder, Gunnar T Nord Berg and Michael Kleinman. Routes of Exposure, Dose, and Toxicokinesis of Metal. pp. 1-48.

 
 

Oliver MA (1997). Soil and human health: a review. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 48:573-592.
Crossref

 
 

Orisakwe OE, Nduka JK, Amadi CN, Dike DO, Bede O (2012). Heavy metals health risk assessment for population via consumption of food crops and fruits in Owerri, South Eastern, Nigeria. Chem. Cent. J. 6(1):77.
Crossref

 
 

Qian YZ, Chen C, Zhang Q, Li Y, Chen ZJ, Li M (2010). Concentrations of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic in Chinese market milled rice and associated population health risk. Food Control 21(12):1757-1763.
Crossref

 
 

Tripathi RM, Raghunath R, Krishnamoorthy TM (1997). Dietary intake of heavy metals in Bombay city, India. Sci. Total Environ. 208:149-159.
Crossref

 
 

United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2015). Human Health Risk Assessment. Available at: 

View.

 
 

United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2016). USEPA Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table. 

 
 

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2000). Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use in Fish Advisories: Volume 1, Fish Sampling and Analysis 3rd Edition, Office of Science and Technology of Water, Washington, DC EPA, 823-B-00-007:1-200.

 
 

Wang X, Sato T, Baoshan X (2005). Health risk of heavy metals to the general public of Tianjin, China via consumption of vegetables and fish. Sci. Total Environ. 350:28-37.
Crossref

 
 

World Health Organization (WHO) (1996). Trace elements in human nutrition and health.

 
 

World Health Organization (WHO) (2010). Geneva World Health Organization WHO Human health risk assessment toolkit: Chemical hazards. P 8.

 
 

Yeganeh M, Afyuni M, Khoshgoftarmanesh AH, Soffianian AR, Schulin R (2012). Health risks of metals in soil, water, and major food crops in Hamedan Province, Iran. Human and Ecological Risk Assess. Int. J. 18(3):547-568.
Crossref

 
 

Zukowska J, Biziuk M (2008). Methodological evaluation of method for dietary heavy metal intake. J. Food Sci. 73(2):R21-R29.
Crossref