International Journal of
Biodiversity and Conservation

  • Abbreviation: Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv.
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 2141-243X
  • DOI: 10.5897/IJBC
  • Start Year: 2009
  • Published Articles: 679

Full Length Research Paper

Underfunding, the challenge of federally managed protected areas of Ethiopia

Simeneh Admasu
  • Simeneh Admasu
  • Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Analyst, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  • Google Scholar
Hadis Tadele
  • Hadis Tadele
  • Department of Ecotourism and Biodiversity Conservation, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Madda Walabu University, Ethiopia.
  • Google Scholar
Mekbeb Tessema
  • Mekbeb Tessema
  • Biodiversity Conservation Consultant, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  • Google Scholar
Zelealem Tefera
  • Zelealem Tefera
  • Environmental Conservation and Eco Services Consultant, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  • Google Scholar


  •  Received: 15 July 2020
  •  Accepted: 28 July 2020
  •  Published: 31 October 2020

References

African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) (2018). Management Effectiveness Assessment in the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia. Final report for adaptive management implication in protected areas systems of Ethiopia.

 

Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP) (2017). A ten year General Management Plan 2017 - 2027. Compiled and edited by the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority with the assistance of Frankfurt Zoological Society. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

 
 

Balmford A, Whitten T (2003). Who should pay for tropical conservation, and how could the costs be met?. Oryx 37(2):238-250.
Crossref

 
 

Bell RHV, Clarke J (1984). Funding and financial control. In: Bell RHV, McShane-Caluzi E (eds.), Conservation and wildlife management in Africa. Office of the Peace Corps, Washington.

 
 

Bonham C, Steininger MK, McGreevey M, Stone C, Wright T, Cano C (2014). Conservation trust funds, protected area management effectiveness and conservation outcomes: lessons from the Global Conservation Fund. Parks 20:89-100.
Crossref

 
 

Bruner AG, Gullison RE, Balmford A (2004). Financial costs and shortfalls of managing and expanding protected-area systems in developing countries. BioScience 54(12):1119-1126.
Crossref

 
 

Calfucura E, Benavides FE (2016). Using benefits and costs estimations to manage conservation: Chile's protected areas. Available at: 

View

 
 

Cowling RM, Pressey RL (2001). Rapid plant diversification: planning for an evolutionary future. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98(10):5452-5457.
Crossref

 
 

Craigie ID, Pressey RL (2018). Towards a better understanding of protected-area management costs (No. e26576v1). Peer Journal Preprints. 
Crossref

 
 

Culverwell J (1997). Long-term recurrent costs of PA management in Cameroon. WWF Cameroon/MINEF, Yaoundé.

 
 

Dublin HT, Milliken T, Barnes RFW (1995). Four years after the CITES ban: illegal killing of elephants, ivory trade and stockpiles. IUCN, Switzerland.

 
 

Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority Sustainable Development of the PAs System of Ethiopia (2009). Assessment of the Value of the PA system of Ethiopia, "Making the Economic Case" Volume II MAIN REPORT. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Available at: 

View

 
 

Frazee SR (2001). Estimating the costs of conserving a biodiversity hotspot: a case study of the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. M.Sc. thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa.

 
 

Frazee SR, Cowling RM, Pressey RL, Turpie JK, Lindenberg N (2003). Estimating the costs of conserving a biodiversity hotspot: a case study of the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. Biological Conservation 112:275-290.

 
 

Gaston KJ, Jackson SF, Cantú-Salazar L, Cruz-Piñón G (2008). The Ecological Performance of Protected Areas. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 39:93-113.
Crossref

 
 

Geldmann J, Coad L, Barnes M, Craigie ID, Hockings M, Knights K, Leverington F, Cuadros IC, Zamora C, Woodley S, Burgess ND (2015). Changes in protected area management effectiveness over time: A global analysis. Biological Conservation 191:692-699.

 
 

Geldmann J, Coad L, Barnes MD, Craigie ID, Woodley S, Balmford A, Brooks TM, Hockings M, Knights K, Mascia MB, McRae L (2018). A global analysis of management capacity and ecological outcomes in terrestrial protected areas. Conservation Letters 11(3):e12434.
Crossref

 
 

Hockings M, Stolton S, Dudley N (2000). Evaluating effectiveness: a framework for assessing the management of protected areas (No. 6). IUCN.

 
 

IUCN ESARO (2020). Closing the gap. The financing and resourcing of protected and conserved areas in Eastern and Southern Africa. Nairobi, Kenya.

 
 

IUCN, UNEP, WWF (1991). Caring for the Earth. A Strategy for Sustainable Living. IUCN, Switzerland.

 
 

Jachmann H (2008). Monitoring law-enforcement performance in nine protected areas in Ghana. Biological Conservation 141(1):89-99.
Crossref

 
 

James A, Green M, Paine J (1999). A global review of protected Area budgets and staff. World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge.

 
 

José G (2009). Sustainable Financing Plan for Jamaica's System of PAs (2010-2020). Kingston, Jamaica. Available at: 

View

 
 

Krug W (2001). Private supply of protected land in southern Africa: a review of markets, approaches, barriers and issues. In Workshop Paper, World Bank/OECD International Workshop on Market Creation for Biodiversity Products and Services, Paris (Vol. 25).

 
 

Leader-Williams N, Albon SD (1988). Allocation of resources for conservation. Nature 336:533-535.
Crossref

 
 

Leverington F, Costa KL, Pavese H, Lisle A, Hockings M (2010). A global analysis of protected area management effectiveness. Environmental management 46(5):685-698.
Crossref

 
 

Lindsey PA, Miller JR, Petracca LS, Coad L, Dickman AJ, Fitzgerald KH, Flyman MV, Funston PJ, Henschel P, Kasiki S, Knights K (2018). More than $1 billion needed annually to secure Africa's protected areas with lions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115(45):E10788-E10796.
Crossref

 
 

Martin RB (1993). Should wildlife pay its way? Department of National Parks and Wildlife. Perth, Australia.

 
 

McNeely JA, Miller KR, Reid WV, Mittermeier RA, Werner TB (1990). Conserving the world's biological diversity. International Union for conservation of nature and natural resources.

 
 

Nowell K (2012). Wildlife crime scorecard: assessing compliance with and enforcement of CITES commitments for tigers, rhinos and elephants. World Wildlife Fund.

 
 

Packer C, Loveridge A, Canney S, Caro T, Garnett ST, Pfeifer M, Zander KK, Swanson A, MacNulty D, Balme G, Bauer H (2013). Conserving large carnivores: dollars and fence. Ecology Letters 16(5):635-641.
Crossref

 
 

Simeneh A (2020). Ecotourism as a tool to substantially funding conservation endeavors in Ethiopia. Tourism and Hospitality 9:432.

 
 

Solomon B, Aklilu A, Eyualem A (2014). Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Awash National Park, Ethiopia: Impact of Decentralization on the Use and Management of Resources. Open Journal of Ecology 2014(4):950-960.
Crossref

 
 

Tewodros K, Afework B (2013). Human-Wildlife Conflict in Senkele Swayne's Hartebeest Sanctuary, Ethiopia. Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 2013(1):1.

 
 

UNEP-WCMC, IUCN, NGS (2018). Protected Planet Report 2018. UNEP-WCMC, IUCN and NGS. Cambridge UK; Gland, Switzerland; and Washington, D.C, USA.

 
 

Van Zyl H (2015). The Economic Value and Potential of PAs in Ethiopia. Report prepared by Dr Hugo van Zyl, Independent Economic Researchers, for The Sustainable Development of the PAs System of Ethiopia (SDPASE) project and the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority (EWCA). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

 
 

Wilkie DS, Carpenter JF, Zhang Q (2001). The under-financing of PAs in the Congo Basin: so many parks and so little willingness-to-pay. Biodiversity and Conservation 10:691-709.
Crossref