Full Length Research Paper
References
Beagley J, Guariguata L, Weil C, Motala AA (2014). Global estimates of undiagnosed diabetes in adults. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 103(2):150-160. |
|
Bunn HF, Gabbay KH, Gallop PM (1978). The glycosylation of hemoglobin: relevance to diabetes mellitus. Science 200(4337):21-27. |
|
BVBA M-MS (2016). Version 16.8 Easy to use statistical software. |
|
Chen L, Magliano DJ, Zimmet PZ (2011). The worldwide epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus--present and future perspectives. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 8(4):228-236. |
|
Colagiuri S, Lee CM, Wong TY, Balkau B, Shaw JE, Borch-Johnsen K (2011). Glycemic thresholds for diabetes-specific retinopathy implications for diagnostic criteria for diabetes. Diabetes Care 34(1):145-150. |
|
Committee IE (2009). International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care 32(7):1327-1334. |
|
Consultation W (1999). Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications, vol. 1: Part; 1999. |
|
d'Emden MC, Shaw JE, Colman PG, Colagiuri S, Twigg SM, Jones G, Goodall I, Schneider HG, Cheung NW (2012). The role of HbA1c in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in Australia. Med. J. Aust. 197(4):220-221. |
|
Diabetes Association of Botswana (DAB) (2012). The Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus in Botswana. |
|
GiniÅŸ Z, Öztürk G, Sirmali R, YalçindaÄŸ A, DülgeroÄŸlu Y, DelibaÅŸi T, DelibaÅŸ N (2012). The role of HbA1c as a screening and diagnostic test for diabetes mellitus in Ankara. Turk. J. Med. Sci. 42(Sup. 2):1430-1436. |
|
Guariguata L, Whiting D, Hambleton I, Beagley J, Linnenkamp U, Shaw J (2014). Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 103(2):137-149. |
|
Herman WH, Ma Y, Uwaifo G, Haffner S, Kahn SE, Horton ES, Lachin JM, Montez MG, Brenneman T, Barrett-Connor E (2007). Differences in A1C by race and ethnicity among patients with impaired glucose tolerance in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes Care 30(10):2453-2457. |
|
Hird TR, Pirie FJ, Esterhuizen TM, O'Leary B, McCarthy MI, Young EH, Sandhu MS, Motala AA (2016). Burden of Diabetes and First Evidence for the Utility of HbA1c for Diagnosis and Detection of Diabetes in Urban Black South Africans: The Durban Diabetes Study. PloSOne 11(8):e0161966. |
|
Hyltoft Petersen P, Brandslund I, Jørgensen L, Stahl M, de Fine Olivarius N, Borch-Johnsen K (2001). Evaluation of systematic and random factors in measurements of fasting plasma glucose as the basis for analytical quality specifications in the diagnosis of diabetes. 3. Impact of the new WHO and ADA recommendations on diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 61(3):191-204. |
|
Koenig RJ, Peterson CM, Jones RL, Saudek C, Lehrman M, Cerami A (1976). Correlation of glucose regulation and hemoglobin AIc in diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 295(8):417-420. |
|
Libman I, Barinas-Mitchell E, Bartucci A, Robertson R, Arslanian S (2008). Reproducibility of the oral glucose tolerance test in overweight children. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93(11):4231-4237. |
|
Ministry of Health Botswana (MOH) (2007). Botswana STEPS survey: Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance 2007. |
|
Olson DE, Rhee MK, Herrick K, Ziemer DC, Twombly JG, Phillips LS (2010). Screening for diabetes and pre-diabetes with proposed A1C-based diagnostic criteria. Diabetes Care 33(10):2184-2189. |
|
Omech B, Mwita JC, Tshikuka J-G, Tsima B, Nkomazna O, Amone-P'Olak K (2016). Validity of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score for Detecting Undiagnosed Type 2 Diabetes among General Medical Outpatients in Botswana. J Diabetes Res. 2016:4968350. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (DCCT) (1993). The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 329:977-986. |
|
Polgreen PM, Putz D, Stapleton JT (2003). Inaccurate glycosylated hemoglobin A1C measurements in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with diabetes mellitus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37:e53-56. |
|
Sacks DB (2011). A1C versus glucose testing: a comparison. Diabetes care 34(2):518-523. |
|
Selvin E, Steffes MW, Zhu H, Matsushita K, Wagenknecht L, Pankow J, Coresh J, Brancati FL (2010). Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 362(9):800-811. |
|
Sharma B, Singal P (2015). The utility and pitfalls of the currently used measures of glycaemia in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. J. Indian Acad. Clin. Med. 16(3-4):227-35. |
|
Tuei VC, Maiyoh GK, Ha CE (2010). Type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity in subâ€Saharan Africa. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 26(6):433-445. |
|
Unwin N, Gan D, Whiting D (2010). The IDF Diabetes Atlas: providing evidence, raising awareness and promoting action. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 87(1):2-3. |
|
van't Riet E, Alssema M, Rijkelijkhuizen JM, Kostense PJ, Nijpels G, Dekker JM (2010). Relationship Between A1C and Glucose Levels in the General Dutch Population The New Hoorn Study. Diabetes Care 33(1):61-66. |
|
Weykamp C (2013). HbA1c: a review of analytical and clinical aspects. Ann. Lab Med. 33(6):393-400. |
|
World Health Organization (WHO) (2006). Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycemia: report of a WHO. IDF consultation 2006. |
|
World Health Organization (WHO) (2011). Use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: abbreviated report of a WHO consultation. |
|
Zemlin AE, Matsha TE, Hassan MS, Erasmus RT (2011). HbA1c of 6.5% to diagnose diabetes mellitus-does it work for us?-The Bellville South Africa study. PloS one 6(8):e22558. |
|
Ziraba AK, Fotso JC, Ochako R (2009). Overweight and obesity in urban Africa: A problem of the rich or the poor? BMC Public Health 9(1):1. |
Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0