Journal of
Public Health and Epidemiology

  • Abbreviation: J. Public Health Epidemiol.
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 2141-2316
  • DOI: 10.5897/JPHE
  • Start Year: 2009
  • Published Articles: 655

Full Length Research Paper

Perceptions of school going adolescents about substance abuse in Ramotswa, Botswana

Garechaba Gotsang
  • Garechaba Gotsang
  • Department of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana.
  • Google Scholar
Yohana Mashalla
  • Yohana Mashalla
  • Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
  • Google Scholar
Esther Seloilwe
  • Esther Seloilwe
  • Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
  • Google Scholar


  •  Received: 02 March 2017
  •  Accepted: 18 April 2017
  •  Published: 30 June 2017

References

Adlaf EM, Offord DR, Ogborne AC (2005). Age and first alcohol use: a risk factor for the development of alcohol disorders. Am. J Psychiatr. 157:745 - 750.

 

Atwoli L, Mungla PA, Ndun'gu MN, Kinoti KC, Ogot EM (2011). Prevalence of substance use among college students in Eldoret, Western Kenya. BMC Psychiatr. 11(1):34.
Crossref

 
 

Babalola E, Ogunwale A, Akinhanmi A (2013). Pattern of psychoactive substance use among university students in south-western Nigeria. J. Behav. Health 2(4):34-342.
Crossref

 
 

Baruch M, Benarroch A, Rockman GE (2015). Alcohol and substance use in the Jewish Community: A Pilot study. J. Addict. 2015:763930
Crossref

 
 

Bond L, Butler h, Thomas L, Carlin JB, Glover S, Bowes G, Patton G (2007). Social and school connectedness in early secondary school as predictors of late teenage substance use, mental health and academic outcomes. J. Adolesc. Health 40(4):357-e9.
Crossref

 
 

Boroffka A (1966). Mental illness and Indian Hemp in Lagos. East Africa Med. J. 43:377-384.

 
 

Botswana Alcohol AIDS Surveillance Report (2004).

 
 

Brooks JS, Brooks DW, Rosen Z, Rabbitt CR (2003). Earlier marijuana use and later problem behaviour in Colombian youths. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 42:485-492.
Crossref

 
 

Christie D, Viner R, (2005). Adolescent development. British Med. J. 330: 301-304.
Crossref

 
 

Deressa W, Azazh A (2011). Substance use and its predictors among undergraduate medical students of Addis Ababa University in Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 11:660.
Crossref

 
 

Diamond Narcotics Squad Report (2012).

 
 

Eccles JS (1999).The development of children age 6 to 14. Future Child. 30-44.
Crossref

 
 

Erickson AH (1968). Child and society. New York: W. Norton.

 
 

Fletcher A, Bonell C, Sorhaindo A, Strange V (2009). How might school influence young people's drug use? Development of theory from qualitative case-study research. J. Adolesc. Health 45:126-132.
Crossref

 
 

Forehand R, Wierson M (1994). The role of developmental factors in planning behavioural interventions for children. Disruptive behaviour as an example. Behav. Ther. 24(1):117-141.
Crossref

 
 

Gabhainn SN, Fotiou A, Vollebergh W (2008). Economic and cultural correlates of cannabis use among mid-adolescents in 31 countries. Addiction 101:241-251.

 
 

Galea S, Nandi A, Viahov D (2004). The social epidemiology of substance use. Epidemiol. Rev. 26:36-52.
Crossref

 
 

Gebreslassie M, Feleke A, Melese T (2013). Psychoactive substances use and associated factors among Axum University students, Axum Town, North Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 13:693.
Crossref

 
 

Gikonyo M (2005). Drug abusers and parents knowledge on factors predisposing the youth to drugs and substance abuse in Nairobi Province, Kenya. Unpublished Med Dissertation, Kenyatta University.

 
 

Government of the Republic of Botswana. Drugs and related Substances Act No. 18 of (1992). Printed by the Government Printer, Gaborone, Botswana.

 
 

Greenfield SF, Brooks AJ, Gordon SM, Green CA, Kropp F, McHugh RK, Lincoln M, Hien D, Miele GM (2009). Substance abuse treatment entry, retention and outcome in women: A review of the literature. Drug Alcohol Depend. 86(1):1-21.
Crossref

 
 

Gupta S, Sarpal SS, Kumar D, Kaur T, Arora S (2013). Prevalence, pattern and familial effects of substance use among the male college students: a North Indian study. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 7(8):1632-1636.

 
 

Henquet C, Krabbendam L, Spauwen J, Kaplan C, Lieb R, Wittchen HU, Van Os J (2005). Prospective cohort study of Cannabis use, predisposing for psychosis and psychotic symptoms in young people. BMJ. 330(7481):11.
Crossref

 
 

Hides L, Dawe S, Kavanagh DJ, Young McD R (2006). Psychotic symptom and cannabis relapse in recent-onset psychosis (prospective study). Br. J. Psychiatr. 189(2):137-143.
Crossref

 
 

Lynskey MT, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ (2006). The origins of the correlations between tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use during adolescence. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatr. 39(7):995-1005.
Crossref

 
 

Kurdek LA (1992). The adjustment of adolescents in stepfather and stepmother families. J. Marriage Fam. 54:725-736.
Crossref

 
 

Maithya R (2009). Factors influencing the choice of social education and ethics among form three students in central Division of Machakos District. Unpublished MEd Dissertation, Kenyatta University.

 
 

Masten AS, Faden VB, Zucker RA, Spear LP (2008). Underage drinking: a developmental framework. Paediatrics 121:235-251.
Crossref

 
 

Mihalca AM, Gherasim LR, Chendran LA (2012). Research Note: adolescents' perception of psychosis risk following Cannabis consumption. Subst Use Misuse 47:396-402.
Crossref

 
 

National Drug law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) (1992). and 1993 drug Collection, Lagos. Drug Demand reduction Unit.

 
 

Nutbeam D, Smith C, Moore L, Bauman A (1993). Warning! Schools can damage youth health: alienation from school and its impact on health behaviour. J. Paediatr. child health 29:s25-30.
Crossref

 
 

Odejide AO, Sanda AO (1976). Observations on drug abuse in Western Nigeria. Afr. J. Psych. 2:303-309.

 
 

Onojole AT, Bamgbala AO (2004). Socio-demographic characteristics of drug misuse in a polytechnic in Lagos, Nigeria. Nigerian J. Health Biomed. Sci. 3(1):40-43.
Crossref

 
 

Oshikoya KA, Alli A (2006). Perception of drug abuse amongst Nigerian undergraduates. World J. Med. Sci.1(2):133-139.

 
 

Osman T, Victor C, Abudlmoneim A, Mohamed H, Abdalla F, Ahmed A, Ali E, Mohammed W. (2016). Epidemiology of substance use among university students in Sudan. J. Addict. 2016:2476163.
Crossref

 
 

Owoaje E, Bello J (2010). Psychoactive substance use among undergraduate students of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Trop. J. Health Sci.17(2):56-60.
Crossref

 
 

Oyakhilome F (1990). Perspective and strategies in the control of the traffic in narcotics drugs and psychoactive substances. In Kalu and Osibajo (Ed). Narcotics: law and Policy in Nigeria. Federal Ministry of Justice, Lagos. pp. 1-6.

 
 

Pela OA, Ebie JC (1982). Drug abuse in Nigeria: A review of epidemiological studies. Bulletin on narcotics (UN Publications). 34(3-4):91-99.

 
 

Schmid B, Hohm E, Blomeyer D, Zimmermann US, Schmidt MH, Esser G, Laucht M (2007). Concurrent alcohol and tobacco use during early adolescence characterises a group at risk. Alcohol Alcohol. 42:219-225.
Crossref

 
 

Shek DT, Chan LK, Lee TY (1997). Parenting styles, parent-adolescent conflict and psychological wellbeing of adolescents of low academic achievement in Hong Kong. Int. J. Adolesc. Med. Health 9:233-248.
Crossref

 
 

Siziya S, Muula AS, Besa C, Babaniyi O, Songolo P, Kankiza N, Ridatsikira E (2013). Canabis use and its socio-economic correlates in-school adolescents in Zambia. Italian J. Pediatr. 39(1):13.
Crossref

 
 

Smart R (1980). A method for student Drug-use Survey. World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland.

 
 

Stanton BA, Lix A, Cottrel L, Kaljee L (2001). Early initiation of sex, drug-related risk behaviours and sensation seeking among urban, low-income African American adolescents. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 93:129-138.

 
 

Strauss A, Corbin J (1994). Grounded theory methodology – an overview. In: Denzin NK, Lincoln YS, Editors. Handbook of qualitative research. Tousand Oaks, CA: Sage pp. 273-285.

 
 

Tesfaye G, Derese A, Hambisa MT (2014). Substance use and associated factors among university students in Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. J. Addict. 2014:969837.
Crossref

 
 

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2007). Available at: 

View

 
 

UNODC (2013). Child and adolescent violence. Orthop. Nurs. 22:23-29.

 
 

UNODC (2013). Word Drug Report, 2013.

 
 

Vartanian LR (2000). Revisiting the imaginary audience and personal fable constructs of adolescent egocentrism: A conceptual review. Adolescence 35:639-661.

 
 

Whichstrom L, Hegna K (2003). Sexual orientation and suicide attempt: A longitudinal study of the general Norwegian adolescent population. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 112(1):144.
Crossref

 
 

WHO (2011). The sexual and reproductive health of younger adolescents. Geneva, Switzerland. 

 
 

WHO (World Health Organisation) (2004). Global Status Report on Alcohol. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.