Full Length Research Paper
References
Ainsworth JAW, Moe SR, Skarpe C (2012). Pasture shade and farm management effects on cow productivity in the tropics. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 155:105-110. |
|
Baruch Z, Guenni O (2007). Irradiance and defoliation effects in three species of the forage grass Brachiaria. Trop. Gras. 41:269-276. |
|
Bennett IL, Finch VA, Holmes CR (1985). Time spent in shade and its relationship with physiological factors of thermoregulation in three breeds of cattle. App. Anim. Behav. Sci. 116:28-34. |
|
Berry IL, Shanklin MD, Johnson HD (1964). Dairy shelter design based on milk production decline as affected by temperature and humidity. Transac. ASAE. 7:329-331. |
|
Collier RJ, Dahl GE, Vanbaale MJ (2006). Major advances associated with environmental effects on dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 89:1244-53. |
|
Curtis SE (1981). Environment management in animal agriculture. Animal Environment Services Illinois. |
|
Devkota NR, Kemp PD, Hodgson J, Valentine I, Jaya IKD (2009). Relationship between tree canopy height and the production of pasture species in a silvopastoral system based on alder trees. Agrofor. Syst. 76:363-374. |
|
Ferreira LCB, Machado Filho LCP, Hotzel MJ, Alves AA, Barcellos AO (2014). Respostas fisiológicas e comportamentais de bovinos submetidos a diferentes ofertas de sombra. Cadernos Agroecol. 9:1-14. (In Portuguese). |
|
Franke IL, Furtado SC (2001). Sistemas Silvipatoris: Fundamentos e Aplicabilidade. Documento 74. Embrapa. Acre:Rio Branco. |
|
Gaughan JB, Mader TL, Holt SM, Lisle A (2008). A new heat load index for feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 86:226-234. |
|
Lopes LB, Eckstein C, Pina DS, Carnevalli RA (2016). The influence of trees on the thermal environment and behavior of grazing heifers in Brazilian Midwest. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 5:755-761. |
|
Mader TL, Fell LR, Mcphee MJ (1997). Behavior response of non-Brahman cattle to shade in commercial feedlots. Livest. Environ. 5:795-802. |
|
Martin P, Bateson P (1993). Measuring Behaviour : An Introductory Guide. Second ed. United Kingdom. |
|
Mello ACT, Carnevalli RA, Shiratsuchi LS, Pedreira BC, Lopes LB, Xavier DB (2017). Improved grazing activity of dairy heifers in shaded tropical grasslands. Cienc. Rural. 47:1-7 |
|
Paciullo DSC, Castro CRT Gomide CAM, Fernandes PB, Rocha WSD, Müller MD, Rossiello ROP (2010). Soil bulk density and biomass partitioning of Brachiaria decumbens in a silvopastoral system. Sci. Agricola. 67:401-407. |
|
Paes Leme TMS, Pires MFÁ, Verneque RS, Alvim MJ, Aroeira LJM (2005). Behavior of holstein x zebu crossbreed cows grazing Brachiaria decumbens in a silvipastoral system. Ciênc. Agrotec. 29:668-675. |
|
Rovira P, Velazco J (2010). The effect of artificial or natural shade on respiration rate behavior and performance of grazing steers. New Zeal. J. Agric. Res. 53:347-353. |
|
Salton JC, Mercante FM, Tomazia M, Zanatta JA, Concenço G, Silva WM, Retore M (2014). Integrated crop-livestock system in tropical Brazil: Toward a sustainable production system. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 190:70-79. |
|
Schütz KE, Rogers AR, Poulouin YA, Cox NR, Tucker CB (2010). The amount of shade influences the behavior and physiology of dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 93:125-133. |
|
Silanikove N (2000). Effects of heat stress on the welfare of extensively managed domestic ruminants. Livest. Prod. Sci. 67:1-18. |
|
Sousa LF, Maurício RM, Moreira GR, Gonçalves LC, Borges I, Pereira LGR (2010). Nutritional evaluation of "Braquiarão" grass in association with "Aroeira" trees in a silvopastoral system. Agrofor. Syst. 79:179-189. |
|
Sprinkle JE, Holloway JW, Warrington BG, Ellist WC, Stuth JW, Forbes TD, Greene LW (2000). Digesta kinetics energy intake grazing behavior and body temperature of grazing beef cattle differing in adaptation to heat. J. Anim. Sci. 78:1608-1624. |
|
Tucker CB, Rogers AR, Schütz KE (2008). Effect of solar radiation on dairy cattle behaviour use of shade and body temperature in a pasture- based system. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 116:28-34. |
|
Valtorta SE, Leva PE, Gallardo MR (1997). Evaluation of different shades to improve dairy cattle web-being in Argentina. Int. J. Biometeorol. 41:65-67. |
|
West JW (2003). Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 86:2131-2144. |
|
Yamamoto W, Dewi IA, Ibrahim M (2007). Effects of silvopastoral areas on milk production at dual-purpose cattle farms at the semi-humid old agricultural frontier in central Nicaragua. Agric. Syst. 94:368-375. |
|
Yousef MK (1985). Stress Physiology in Livestock. Basic Principles. CRC Press: Florida. |
Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0