African Journal of
Food Science

  • Abbreviation: Afr. J. Food Sci.
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 1996-0794
  • DOI: 10.5897/AJFS
  • Start Year: 2007
  • Published Articles: 978

Full Length Research Paper

Quantification of ethanol and identification of other chemical constituents in homemade morula beer using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

Mmaabo Tsenang
  • Mmaabo Tsenang
  • Botswana International University of Science and Technology Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, BIUST, Palapye, Botswana.
  • Google Scholar
Tshepo Pheko-Ofitlhile
  • Tshepo Pheko-Ofitlhile
  • Botswana International University of Science and Technology Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, BIUST, Palapye, Botswana.
  • Google Scholar
Janes Mokgadi
  • Janes Mokgadi
  • Chemical, Biological, Nuclear and Radiological Weapon Management Authority, Ministry of Defense, Justice and Security, Private Bag 0384, Gaborone, Botswana.
  • Google Scholar
Wellington Masamba
  • Wellington Masamba
  • Botswana International University of Science and Technology Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, BIUST, Palapye, Botswana.
  • Google Scholar
Gothatamang Norma Phokedi
  • Gothatamang Norma Phokedi
  • Botswana International University of Science and Technology Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, BIUST, Palapye, Botswana.
  • Google Scholar


  •  Received: 07 February 2023
  •  Accepted: 31 May 2023
  •  Published: 31 July 2023

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Hilou A, Bougma A, Dicko MH (2017). Phytochemistry and agro-industrial potential of native oilseeds from West Africa: African grape (Lannea macrocarpa), Marula (Sclerocarya birrea), and butter tree (Pentadesma butyracea). Agriculture 7(3):101-120.
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Jinga P, Zingoni E, Bobo ED, Munosiyei P (2022). Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra, Anacardiaceae) thrives under climate change in sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Ecology 60(3):736-749.
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Kamanula M, Munthali CY, Kamanula JF (2022). Nutritional and phytochemical variation of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea) (Subspecies caffra and birrea) fruit among nine international provenances tested in Malawi. International Journal of Food Science 2(10):45-56.
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Manyeula F, Moreki JC, Baleseng L, Molapisi M (2021). Effects of feeding diets containing Morula (Sclerocarya birrea) kernel cake on bone development in commercial broiler chickens. Livestock Research for Rural Development 33(10):122-129.

 

Mapitse R, Okatch H, Moshoeshoe E (2015). Analysis of Volatile Compounds in Khadi (an unrecorded alcohol beverage) from Botswana by Gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). South African Journal of Chemistry 67(1):184-188.

 

Mashau ME, Kgatla TE, Makhado MV, Mikasi MS, Ramashia SE (2022). Nutritional composition, polyphenolic compounds and biological activities of marula fruit (Sclerocarya birrea) with its potential food applications: a review 25(1):1549-1575.
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Mdziniso M, Dlamini A, Khumalo G, Mupangwa J (2016). Nutritional evaluation of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea) seed cake as a protein supplement in dairy meal. Journal of Applied Life Sciences International 10:4(3):1-11.
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Mojeremane W, Tshwenyego SO (2004). The Resource Role of Morula (Sclerocarya birrea): A Multipurpose Indigenous Fruit Tree of Botswana. Journal of Biological Sciences. 4(6):771-775.
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Motlhanka K, Lebani K, Boekhout T, Zhou N (2020). Fermentative microbes of khadi, a traditional alcoholic beverage of Botswana. Fermentation. 6(2):51.
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Murye AF, Pelser AJ, Murye AF, Pelser AJ (2018). Commercial harvesting of marula (Sclerocarya birrea) in Swaziland: A quest for sustainability. Selected Studies in Biodiversity 14(1):303-317.
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Pinho O, Ferreira I, Santos L (2006). Method optimization by solid-phase microextraction in combination with gas chromatography with mass spectrometry for analysis of beer volatile fraction. Journal of Chromatography A 1121(2):145-53.
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Sawadogo-Lingani H, Owusu-Kwarteng J, Glover R, Diawara B, Jakobsen M, Jespersen L (2021). Sustainable Production of African Traditional Beers with Focus on Dolo, a West African Sorghum-Based Alcoholic Beverage. Frontier in Sustainable Food System 5:54-65.
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Shackleton SE, Shackleton CM, Cunningham T, Lombard C, Sullivan CA, Netshiluvhi TR. (2012). Knowledge on Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra with emphasis on its importance as a non-timber forest product in South and southern Africa: A Summary. Southern African Forestry Journal 196(1):67-77.
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Tapiwa KA (2019). Harvesting and utilization of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea) by smallholder farmers: A review. Journal of Wildlife Biodiversity 3(1):1-13.

 

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Tsenang M, Pheko T, Mokgadi J, Gothatamang PN (2022). A validated liquid-liquid extraction method for the quantitative analysis of ethanol in the different types of home-brewed alcoholic beverages of Botswana using gas chromatography flame ionization detector. Chemistry Africa 6(1):417-427.
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