Review
References
|
Abobotain AH, Sheerah HA, Alotaibi FN, Joury AU, Mishiddi RM, Siddiqui AR, Saeed AB (2013). Socio-demographic determinants of antibiotic misuse in children. Saudi Medical Journal 34(8):832-840. |
|
|
Al-Azzam S, Al-Husein B, Alzoubi F, Masadeh M, Ali M (2007). Self-medication with antibiotics in Jordanian population. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 20(4):373-380. |
|
|
Al-Bakri AG, Bustanji Y, Yousef AM (2005). Community consumption of antibacterial drugs within the Jordanian population: sources, patterns and appropriateness. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 26(5):389-395. |
|
|
Al-Dhaheri AS, Al-Niyadi MS, Al-Dhaheri AD, Bastaki SM (2009). Resistance patterns of bacterial isolates to antimicrobials from 3 hospitals in the United Arab Emirates. Saudi Medical Journal 30(5):618-623. |
|
|
Al-Ghamdi MS (2001). Empirical treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection by community pharmacist in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical Journal 22(12):1105-1108. |
|
|
Al-Hajjaj MS, Al-Khatim IM (2000). High rate of non-compliance with anti-tuberculosis treatment despite a retrieval system: a call for implementation of directly observed therapy in Saudi Arabia. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 4(4):345-349. |
|
|
Al-Hajoj S, Varghese B, Shoukri MM, Al-Omari R, Al-Herbwai M, AlRabiah F, Alrajhi AA, Abuljadayel N, Al-Thawadi S, Zumla A, Zignol M (2013). Epidemiology of antituberculosis drug resistance in Saudi Arabia: Findings of the first national survey. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 57(5):2161-2166. |
|
|
Al-Humaidan OS, El-Kersh TA, Al-Akeel RA (2015). Risk factors of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among health care staff in a teaching hospital in central Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical Journal 36(9):1084-1090. |
|
|
Aljadhey H, Assiri GA, Mahmoud MA, Al-Aqeel S, Murray M (2015). Self-medication in Central Saudi Arabia Community pharmacy consumers' perspectives. Saudi Medical Journal 36(3):328-334. |
|
|
Al-Lawati AM, Crouch ND, Elhag KM (2000). Antibiotic consumption and development of resistance among gram-negative bacilli in intensive care units in Oman. Annals of Saudi Medicine 20(3-4):324-327. |
|
|
Al-Obeid S, Jabri L, Al-Agamy M, Al-Omari A, Shibl A (2015). Epidemiology of extensive drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (XDRAB) at Security Forces Hospital (SFH) in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Journal of Chemotherapy 27(3):156-162. |
|
|
Al-Shawi MM, Darwish MA, Wahab MM, Al-Shamlan NA (2018). Misconceptions of parents about antibiotic use in upper respiratory tract infections: A survey in primary schools of the Eastern Province, KSA. Journal of Family and Community Medicine 25(1):5-12. |
|
|
Al-Tawfiq JA (2006a). Increasing antibiotic resistance among isolates of Escherichia coli recovered from inpatients and outpatients in a Saudi Arabian hospital. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 27(7):748-753. |
|
|
Al-Tawfiq JA (2006b). Incidence and epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in a Saudi Arabian hospital, 1999-2003. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 27(10):1137-1139. |
|
|
Al-Tawfiq JA, Antony A (2007). Antimicrobial resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Saudi Arabian hospital: results of a 6-year surveillance study, 1998-2003. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 13(4):230-234. |
|
|
Al-Tawfiq JA, Antony A, Abed MS (2009). Antimicrobial resistance rates of Enterobacter spp.: a seven-year surveillance study. Medical Principles and Practice 18(2):100-104. |
|
|
Al-Tawfiq JA, Mohandhas TX (2007). Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex in a Saudi Arabian hospital. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 28(7):870-872. |
|
|
Al-Tawfiq JA, Stephens G, Memish ZA (2010). Inappropriate antimicrobial use and potential solutions: a Middle Eastern perspective. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 8(7):765-774. |
|
|
Alzeer A, Mashlah A, Fakim N, Al-Sugair N, Al-Hedaithy M, Al-Majed S, Jamjoom G (1998). Tuberculosis is the commonest cause of pneumonia requiring hospitalization during Hajj (pilgrimage to Makkah). Journal of Infection 36(3):303-306. |
|
|
Amidi S, Solter S, Rashidian B, Zokaian AR, Razmjoian F (1975). Antibiotic use and abuse among physicians in private practice in Shiraz, Iran. Medical Care 13(4):341-345. |
|
|
Austin DJ, Kristinsson KG, Anderson RM (1999). The relationship between the volume of antimicrobial consumption in human communities and the frequency of resistance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96(3):1152-1156. |
|
|
Aziz MA, Wright A, Laszlo A, De Muynck A, Portaels F, Van Deun A, Wells C, Nunn P, Blanc L, Raviglione M (2006). Epidemiology of antituberculosis drug resistance (the Global Project on Anti-tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance): an updated analysis. Lancet 368(9553):2142-2154. |
|
|
Balkhy HH, Memish ZA, Almuneef MA, Cunningham GC, Francis C, Fong KC, Nazeer ZB, Tannous E (2007). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A 5-year review of surveillance data in a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 28(8):976-982. |
|
|
Brookes-Howell, L., Elwyn, G., Hood, K., Wood, F., Cooper, L., Goossens, H., Butler, C. C. (2012). 'The Body Gets Used to Them': Patients' Interpretations of Antibiotic Resistance and the Implications for Containment Strategies. Journal of General Internal Medicine 27(7):766-772. |
|
|
Bukhari SZ, Hussain WM, Banjar A, Almaimani WH, Karima TM, Fatani MI (2011). Hand hygiene compliance rate among healthcare professionals. Saudi Medical Journal 32(5):515-519. |
|
|
El Shafie SS, Alishaq M, Garcia ML (2004). Investigation of an outbreak of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in trauma intensive care unit. Journal of Hospital Infection 56(2):101-105. |
|
|
El-Gilany AH (2000). Acute respiratory infections in primary health care centres in northern Saudi Arabia. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 6(5-6):955-960. |
|
|
Fadel R, Dakdouki GK, Kanafani ZA, Araj GF, Kanj SS (2004). Clinical and microbiological profile of urinary tract infection at a tertiary-care center in Lebanon. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 25(1):82-85. |
|
|
Friedman BC, Schwabe-Warf D, Goldman R (2011). Reducing inappropriate antibiotic use among children with influenza infection. Canadian Family Physician 57(1):42-44. |
|
|
Harnden A, Perera R, Brueggemann AB, Mayon-White R, Crook DW, Thomson A, Mant D (2007). Respiratory infections for which general practitioners consider prescribing an antibiotic: a prospective study. Archives of Disease in Childhood 92(7):594-597. |
|
|
Iyer A, Kumosani T, Azhar E, Barbour E, Harakeh S (2014). High incidence rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 8(3):372-378. |
|
|
Kardas P, Devine S, Golembesky A, Roberts C (2005). A systematic review and meta-analysis of misuse of antibiotic therapies in the community. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 26(2):106-113. |
|
|
Koura MR, Khairy AE, Abdel-Aal NM, Deghedi B, Sabra AA (1999). Quality assessment of the primary health care services provided for ARI control in Alexandria. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association 74(3-4):275-296. |
|
|
Leangapichart T, Gautret P, Griffiths K, Belhouchat K, Memish Z, Raoult D, Rolain JM (2016). Acquisition of a High diversity of bacteria during the hajj pilgrimage, including Acinetobacter baumannii with blaOXA-72 and Escherichia coli with blaNDM-5 carbapenemase genes. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60(10):5942-5948. |
|
|
Liu YY, Wang Y, Walsh TR, Yi LX, Zhang R, Spencer J, Doi Y, Tian G, Dong B, Huang X, Yu LF (2016). Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study. Lancet Infectious Diseases 16(2):161-168. |
|
|
Mah MW, Memish ZA, Cunningham G, Bannatyne RM (2001). Outbreak of Acinetobacter baumannii in an intensive care unit associated with tracheostomy. American Journal of Infection Control 29(5):284-288. |
|
|
Memish ZA, Balkhy HH, Almuneef MA, Al-Haj-Hussein BT, Bukhari AI, Osoba AO (2006). Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among Hajj pilgrims. Saudi Medical Journal 27(9):1367-1372. |
|
|
Moore PS, Harrison LH, Telzak EE, Ajello GW, Broome CV (1988). Group-A Meningococcal carriage in travelers returning from Saudi-Arabia. Journal of the American Medical Association 260(18):2686-2689. |
|
|
Najdi AN, Khuffash FA, R'Shaid WA, Ateeqi WA (1988). Antibiotic misuse in a paediatric teaching department in Kuwait. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 8(3):145-148. |
|
|
Ricciardi W, Giubbini G, Laurenti P (2016). Surveillance and Control of Antibiotic Resistance in the Mediterranean Region. Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 8(1):e2016036. |
|
|
Sa'ed HZ, Taha AA, Araj KF, Abahri IA, Sawalha AF, Sweileh WM, Awang R, Al-Jabi SW (2015). Parental knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding antibiotic use for acute upper respiratory tract infections in children: a cross-sectional study in Palestine. BMC Pediatrics 15(1): 176. |
|
|
Sabuncu E, David J, Bernède-Bauduin C, Pépin S, Leroy M, Boëlle PY, Watier L, Guillemot D (2009). Significant reduction of antibiotic use in the community after a nationwide campaign in France, 2002-2007. PLoS Medicine 6(6):e1000084. |
|
|
Samman Y, Krayem A, Haidar M, Mimesh S, Osoba A, Al-Mowaallad A, Abdelaziz M, Wali S (2003). Treatment outcome of tuberculosis among Saudi nationals: role of drug resistance and compliance. Clinical microbiology and infection 9(4):289-294. |
|
|
Sarahroodi S, Arzi A (2009). Self medication with antibiotics, is it a problem among Iranian college students in Tehran. Journal of Biological Sciences 9(8):829-832. |
|
|
Senok AC, Ismaeel AY, Al-Qashar FA, Agab WA (2009). Pattern of upper respiratory tract infections and physicians' antibiotic prescribing practices in Bahrain. Medical Principles and Practice 18(3):170-174. |
|
|
Shamaei M, Marjani M, Chitsaz E, Kazempour M, Esmaeili M, Farnia P, Tabarsi P, Amiri MV, Mirsaeidi M, Mansouri D, Masjedi MR (2009). First-line anti-tuberculosis drug resistance patterns and trends at the national TB referral center in Iran-eight years of surveillance. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 13(5):E236-E240. |
|
|
Shibl A, Memish Z, Pelton S (2009). Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in the Arabian Peninsula and Egypt. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 33(5):410-e1. |
|
|
Shibl AM, Memish ZA, Kambal AM, Ohaly YA, Ishaq A, Senok AC, Livermore DM (2014). National surveillance of antimicrobial resistance among Gram-positive bacteria in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Chemotherapy 26(1):13-18. |
|
|
Sonnevend Á, Ghazawi A, Alqahtani M, Shibl A, Jamal W, Hashmey R, Pal T (2016). Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in Escherichia coli from the Arabian Peninsula. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 50:85-90. |
|
|
Strahilevitz J, Engelstein D, Adler A, Temper V, Moses AE, Block C, Robicsek A (2007). Changes in qnr prevalence and fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. collected from 1990 to 2005. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51(8):3001-3003. |
|
|
Tohme A, Karam-Sarkis D, El-Rassi R, Chelala D, Ghayad E (2001). Agents and consequences of nosocomial infections in a Lebanese university hospital. Retrospective study over a two-year period. InAnnales de Medecine Interne (Paris) 152(2):77-83. |
|
|
Udo EE, Al-Sweih N, Dhar R, Dimitrov TS, Mokaddas EM, Johny M, Al-Obaid IA, Gomaa HH, Mobasher LA, Rotimi VO, Al-Asar A (2008). Surveillance of antibacterial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated in Kuwaiti hospitals. Medical Principles and Practice 17(1):71-75. |
|
|
US Food and Drug Authority. (2015). Drug applications for over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Retrieved from |
|
|
World Health Organization (1998). The role of pharmacist in self-care and self-medication. Retrieved from |
|
|
World Health Organization (2015). Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. Retrieved from |
|
|
World Health Organization. (2014). Antimicrobial resistance: Global report on surveillance 2014. Retrieved from |
|
|
Yilmaz N, Agus N, Yurtsever SG, Pullukcu H, Gulay Z, Coskuner A, Kose S, Aydemir S, Gulenc N, Ozgenc O (2009). Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli in outpatient urinary isolates in Izmir, Turkey. Medical Science Monitor 15(11):161-165. |
|
|
Zakai SA (2015). Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among medical students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical Journal 36(7):807-812. |
|
|
Zowawi HM (2016). Antimicrobial resistance in Saudi Arabia An urgent call for an immediate action. Saudi Medical Journal 37(9):935-940. |
|
|
Zowawi HM, Abedalthagafi M, Mar FA, Almalki T, Kutbi AH, Harris-Brown T, Harbarth S, Balkhy HH, Paterson DL, Hasanain RA (2015). The potential role of social media platforms in community awareness of antibiotic use in the Gulf Cooperation Council States: Luxury or necessity? Journal of medical Internet Research 17(10):e233. |
|
|
Zowawi HM, Balkhy HH, Walsh TR, Paterson DL (2013). β-Lactamase Production in Key Gram-Negative Pathogen Isolates from the Arabian Peninsula. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 26(3):361-380. |
|
Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
