Full Length Research Paper
References
Abegglen JJ (1984). On socialization in Hamadryas baboons: A field study, Associated University Press. London. |
|
Alemseged Z, Wynn JG, Kimbel WH, Reed D, Geraads D, Bobe R (2005). A new hominin from the Basal Member of the Hadar Formation, Dikika, Ethiopia, and its geological context. Journal of Human Evolution 49:499-514. |
|
Alemseged Z, Spoor F, Kimbel WH, Bobe R, Geraads D, Reed D, Wynn JG (2006). A juvenile early hominin skeleton from Dikika, Ethiopia. Nature 443:296-301. |
|
Amer W, Ashong Sh, Tiomoko D (2015). Management Manual for UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in Africa, Field version. German Commission for UNESCO (eds), Colmantstrasse 15 | 53115 Bonn, Germany. |
|
Anderson CM (1983). Levels of social organization and male-female bonding in the genus Papio. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 60(1):15-22. |
|
Afar National Regional State (ANRS) (2000). Regional Conservation Strategy. |
|
Authority for Research and Conservation for Cultural Heritage (ARCCH) (2016). A Catalogue on Ethiopian Archaeological and Paleontological Sites Volume I - Afar P 124. |
|
Balehegn M, Balehey S, Fu C, Liang W (2019). Indigenous weather and climate forecasting knowledge among Afar pastoralists of north eastern Ethiopia: Role in adaptation to weather and climate variability. Policy and Practice 9(8):1-14. |
|
Balehegn M (2020). Afar Traditional Institutions for Land Management. Research gate pp. 1-4. |
|
BirdLife International (2022). BirdLife Data Zone. Available at: |
|
Biru A, Eshete B, Mahmud M, Mohammed A, M. Berhanu, Adem A, Hailu B, Temesgen D, Milton E, Terefe B, Desta M (2010). Afar National Regional State Programme of plan on adaptation to climate change. Semera: Environmental Protection Authority of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. |
|
Biza N (2014). Institutional delivery service utilization among Pastoralists of Dubti district, Afar region, Northeast Ethiopia. |
|
BoPRD (2008). Afar National Regional state: Afar bureau of pastoralists and rural development (BoPRD). Basic agricultural and rural development data. Semera, Afar, Ethiopia: Government of Afar National Regional State. |
|
Burka BM, Roro AG, Regasa DT (2023). Dynamics of Pastoral Conflicts in Eastern Rift Valley of Ethiopia: Contested boundaries, State Projects and Small Arms. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice 13(5):1-13. |
|
Cavalazzi B, Barbieri R, Gómez F, Capaccioni B, Olsson-Francis K, Pondrelli M, Rossi AP, Hickman-Lewis K, Agangi A, Gasparotto G, Glamoclija M, Ori GG, Rodriguez N, Hagos M (2019). The Dallol Geothermal Area, Northern Afar (Ethiopia) - An Exceptional Planetary Field Analog on Earth, Astrobiology 19(4):553-578. |
|
Charnley S (2005). From Nature Tourism to Ecotourism? The Case of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania. Human Organization 64(1):75-88. |
|
Choudhary CK, Fakana ST, Mengist AB (2021) Conservation of Majang Forest Biosphere Reserve: An opportunity through Community based Ecotourism Programme in Majang Zone, Gambella, South West Ethiopia. Asian Journal of Conservation Biology 10(2):280-296. |
|
Engdasew M (2022). Harnessing Indigenous Knowledge for Sustainable Pastoralist Education Development in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities 18(1):121-144. |
|
Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority (EWCA) (2020). Review of the Leopard (Panthera pardus) quota of Ethiopia, established as per Resolution Conf. 10.14 (Rev. CoP16) and non-detriment determinations, in accordance with CITES Decision 18.165, EWCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia P 21. |
|
Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society (EWNHS) (1996). Important Bird Areas of Ethiopia: a first inventory. Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society, Addis Ababa. |
|
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) (2022). De-risking, Inclusion, and Value Enhancement of Pastoral Economies in the Horn of Africa - Social Assessment - Ethiopia P 41. |
|
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (1965). Survey of the Awash River Basin. Reconnaissance of the soils of the Awash Basin, Middle Valley Volume II-VI. |
|
Fenta M, Jordaan A, Melka Y (2019). Vulnerability of Southern Afar pastoralists to climate variability and change, Ethiopia. Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 11(1):1-8. |
|
Friis I, Demissew S, Van Breugel P (2010). Atlas of the Potential Vegetation of Ethiopia. Annals of Botany 107(1):306. |
|
Gasse E, Street FA (1978). Late quaternary lake-level fluctuations and environments of the northern rift valley and Afar region (Ethiopia and Djibouti). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 24(4):279-325. |
|
Gebre-Egziabher KA (2014). Dispute resolution mechanisms among the Afar People of Ethiopia and their contribution to the Development Process. The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa 10(3):152-164. |
|
Gebretensae K (2004). Traditional Conservation Practices of Indigenous Trees by the Afar Community Bordering Awash National Park, Ethiopia. MPhil Thesis P 104. |
|
Gebretensae K, Kebede F (2022). Review of the status of African lion (Panthera leo) in Ethiopia. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 14(2):94-102. |
|
Gebretensae K, Messele A (2022). The effect of human-mediated mortalities of African leopard (Panthera pardus pardus) in Ethiopia. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 14(3):150-157. |
|
Gibson IL (1967). Preliminary account of the volcanic geology of Fentale, Shoa. Bull of the Geophysical Observatory of Addis Ababa 10:59-67. |
|
Gizaw G, Gebretensae K (2019). Summary of Ethiopian Wildlife Protected Areas. Available Information: For the fulfillment of the development of State of Protected and Conserved Area Report for Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA SoPACA) of IUCN. Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. |
|
Guesh M, Debela B (2019). The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Resolving Conflicts Over Grazing Land and Water Resources: The Case of Afar and Karrayyu, Upper Awash. |
|
Halcrow S (1989). Master plan for the development of Surface water resources in the Awash basin. Ethiopian Valleys Development Studies Authority Volume 1. |
|
Haile-Selassie Y, Saylor BZ, Deino A, Levin NE, Alene M, Latimer B (2012). A new hominin foot from Ethiopia shows multiple Pliocene bipedal adaptations. Nature 483(7391):565-569. |
|
Hill A, Ward S (1988). Origin of the Hominidae: the record of African large hominoid evolution between 14 My and 4 My. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31(S9):49-83. |
|
Hillman JC (1993a). Ethiopia: Compendium of wildlife conservation information. Vol.1: Wildlife conservation in Ethiopia. NYZS-The wildlife conservation society-International, New York. |
|
Hillman JC (1993b). Ethiopia: Compendium of wildlife conservation information. Vol.2: Information on wildlife conservation areas. NYZS-The wildlife conservation Society- International, New York. |
|
llsley-Kemp F, Keir D, Bull JM, Gernon, TM, Ebinger C, Ayele A (2018). Seismicity during continental breakup in the Red Sea rift of Northern Afar. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 123(3):2345-2362. |
|
IUCN (1989). The IUCN Sahel studies. Regional Office for Eastern Africa. |
|
IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). Nanger soemmerringii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:e.T63541A50197739. |
|
IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2018). Oryx beisa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T15571A50191877. |
|
Jacobs M, Schloeder C (2001). Impacts of conflict on biodiversity and protected areas in Ethiopia. Biodiversity Support Program, World Wildlife Fund, Incorporated, Washington, D.C., USA. |
|
Johanson DC, Coppens Y (1976). A preliminary anatomical diagnosis of the first Plio/Pleistocene hominid discoveries in the Central Afar, Ethiopia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 45(2):217-233. |
|
Ketema A, Gezahegn L, Schuknecht A, Kayitakire F (2016). Hydrological study in the drought affected areas of Afar, Somali and SNNP regions in Ethiopia-part 1: Remote sensing and overlay analysis. |
|
Kimbel WH, Johanson DC, Rak Y (1994). The first skull and other new discoveries of Australopithecus afarensis at Hadar, Ethiopia. Nature 368(6470):449-451. |
|
Kingdon J (1997). Kingdon Field Guide to Mamals of Africa. Academic Press, London. |
|
Kummer H, Kurt F (1963). Social units of a free-living population of hamadryas baboons. Folia Primatologica 1(1):4-19. |
|
Meuer K, Moreaux R (2017). Assessing the integration of Awash National Park and proposed Hallaydeghe-Asebot National Park into their surrounding landscape. Michael Succow Foundation for the Protection of Nature, Consultancy Report P 88. |
|
Mitiku AB, Meresa GA, Mulu T, Woldemichael AT (2022). Examining the impacts of climate variabilities and land use change on hydrological responses of Awash River basin, Ethiopia. HydroResearch 6:16-28. |
|
Moehlman PD, Kebede F, Yohannes H (2015). Equus africanus. The IUCN red list of threatened species 2015: E. T7949A45170994. |
|
Moreaux R, Succow M, Bustorf PD, Berhanu L (2017). Analysis of Potential of further UNESCO-Biosphere Reserves in Ethiopia. Michael Succow Foundation for the Protection of Nature P 122. |
|
Nanesa K (2021). Awash River's the Ongoing Irrigation Practices, Future Projects and its Impacts on the Environment of Awash River Basin. Irrigation and Drainage Systems Engineering 10(6):1-7. |
|
Newsome D, Dowling RK (2010). Geo-tourism in Afar and the Ethiopian Rift Valley: Geo- tourism is a form of natural area tourism that specifically focuses on landscape and geology P 34. |
|
Niespolo EM, WoldeGabriel G, Hart WK, Renne PR, Sharp WD, Shackley MS, Ambrose SH, Asfaw B, Beyene B, Brasil MF, Carlson JP, Sahle Y, White TD (2021). Integrative geochronology calibrates the Middle and Late Stone Ages of Ethiopia's Afar Rift. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118(50):e2116329118. |
|
Otálora F, Palero F, Papaslioti E, García-Ruiz JM, Manuel J (2022) Mineralochemical Mechanism for the Formation of Salt Volcanoes: The Case of Mount Dallol (Afar Triangle, Ethiopia). ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 6(12):2767-2778. |
|
Pool-Stanvliet R, Stoll-Kleemann S, Giliomee JH (2018). Criteria for selection and evaluation of biosphere reserves in support of the UNESCO MAB programme in South Africa. Land Use Policy 76:654-663. |
|
Rubenstein D, Low Mackey B, Davidson ZD, Kebede F, King SRB (2016). Equus grevyi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e. T7950A89624491. |
|
Ruoss E (2013). Biosphere reserves as model sites for sustainable development. Protected areas in focus: analysis and evaluation pp. 99-114. |
|
Schrader R (2019). Dallol, Ethiopia: The Hottest Place on Earth. Trip Savvy. Available at: |
|
Scott JC (2019). Knowledge Concerning Natural Hazards and Risk Reduction Case study: Afar Pastoralists of Ethiopia. Center for Public Service Communications P 14. |
|
Sigg H, Stolba A, Abegglen JJ, Dasser V (1982). Life history of hamadryas baboons: physical development, infant mortality, reproductive parameters and family relationships. Primates 23:473-487. |
|
Swedell L (2006). Strategies of sex and survival in Hamadryas baboon: Through a Female Lens, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River P 288. |
|
Tadese S, Soromessa T, Bekele T, Meles B (2021). Biosphere Reserves in the Southwest of Ethiopia. Hindawi Advances in Agriculture P 7. |
|
Tesfay Y, Tafere K (2004). Indigenous rangeland resources and conflict management by the North Afar pastoral groups in Ethiopia. Drylands Coordination Group Report, Ethiopia. |
|
United Nations (2022). The Sustainable Development Goals Report. Available at: |
|
UNESCO (1996). Biosphere Reserves the Seville Strategy and the Statutory Framework of the World Network. UNESCO, Paris. |
|
UNESCO (2013a). Man, and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme - Biosphere Reserve Nomination Form- UNESCO Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences P 37. |
|
UNESCO (2013b). Man, and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme - Biosphere reserve Periodic Review Form - UNESCO Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences P 43. |
|
UNESCO-MAB National Committee (2011). Sheka Forest Biosphere Reserve Nomination Form. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia P 159. |
|
UNESCO (1996). Biosphere Reserves the Seville Strategy and the Statutory Framework of the World Network. UNESCO, Paris. |
|
UNESCO (2017). A new Roadmap for the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme and its World Network of Biosphere Reserves. MAB Strategy (2015-2025), Lima Action Plan (2016-2025), Lima Declaration. Paris. |
|
UNESCO (2021). Technical Guidelines for Biosphere Reserves. UNESCO Natural Sciences Sector, Secretariat of the Man and Biosphere Programme P 126. |
|
WoldeGabriel G, Heiken G, White TD, Asfaw B, Hart WK, Renne, PR (2000). Volcanism, Tectonism, Sedimentation, and the Paleontological Record in the Ethiopian Rift System. In: McCoy FW, Heiken G (eds.), Volcanic Hazards and Disasters in Human Antiquity. Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, Special Paper 345:83-99. |
|
WoldeGabriel G, Haile-Selassie Y, Renne PR, Hart WK, Ambrose SK, Asfaw B, Heiken G, White TD (2001). Geology and paleontology of the Late Miocene Middle Awash valley, Afar rift, Ethiopia. Nature 412:175-178. |
|
Woldekiros H (2019). The route most traveled: The Afar salt trail, North Ethiopia. Páginas Páginas 51(1):95-110. |
|
Workie A, Belay G, Bekele Y, Tegegn F, Gbere-Egziabher W, Zeleke E (2019). Overview of Werer Agricultural Research Center Achievements P 21. |
|
Wrangham RW (1980). An ecological model of female bonded primate groups. Behaviour 75:262-299. |
|
Yaynshet T, Kelemewerk T (2004). Indigenous rangeland resource and conflict management by the northern Afar Pastoral groups of Ethiopia. The Dry land Coordination Group (DCG) report P 31. |
Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0