Full Length Research Paper
References
|
Alam S (2008). Environmentally induced migration from Bangladesh to India. Strategic Analysis 27(3):422-438. |
|
|
Alao A (2007). Natural resources and conflict in Africa. The tragedy of endowment: USA, University of Rochester Press. |
|
|
Andersson E, Brogaard S, Olsson L (2011).The political ecology of land degradation. Annual Review of Environment and Resources36:295-319. |
|
|
Askew K, Maganga F, Odgaard R (2013). Of land and legitimacy: A tale of two lawsuits. Africa 83(01):120-141. |
|
|
Azar E (2015). The management of protracted social conflicts: In Woodhouse T, Miall H, Ramsbotham O, Mitchell C (eds,). The contemporary conflict resolution reader. Polity press: Cambridge. |
|
|
Beck U, Bjerge B (2017). Pro- poor land transfers and the importance of and abundance and ethnicity in the Gambia. World Development 99:122-140. |
|
|
Benjaminsen TA, Boubacar B (2021). Fulani-Dogon killings in Mali: Farmer-Herder Conflicts as Insurgency and Counter insurgency. African Security 14(1):4-26. |
|
|
Benjaminsen TA, Maganga FP, Abdallah JM (2009). The Kilosa killings. Political ecology of a farmer-herder conflict in Tanzania. Development and Change 40(3):423-445. |
|
|
Bernauer T, Böhmelt T, Koubi V (2012). Environmental changes and violent conflict. Environmental Research Letters 7(1):015601. |
|
|
Biddulph R (2018). The Tanzanian land acts as a community lands approach: A review of research into their implementation. Land Use Policy 79:48-56. |
|
|
Bluwstein J, Lund JF, Askew K, Stein H, Noe C, Odgaard R, Maganga F, Engstrom L (2018). Between dependence and deprivation: the interlocking nature of land alienation in Tanzania. Journal of Agrarian Change 18(4):806-830. |
|
|
Boone C (2017). Legal empowerment of the poor through property rights reform: Tensions and trade-offs of land registration and tilting in sub-Saharan Africa. Helsinki, Finland. |
|
|
Boulding K (2015). Conflict and defence: A general thoery. In: Woodhouse T, Miall H, Ramsbotham O, Mitchell C (eds,). The contemporary conflict resolution reader. Cambridge: Polity press. |
|
|
Bretschger L (2013). Population growth and natural?resource scarcity: Long?run development under seemingly unfavorable conditions. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics 115(3):722-755. |
|
|
Collins A, Mitchel MI (2018). Revisiting the World Bank's land law reform agenda in Africa: The promise and perils of customary practices. Journal of Agrarian Change 18(1):112-131. |
|
|
Dafinger A, Pelican M (2006). Sharing or dividing the land? Land rights and farmer-herder relations in Burkina Faso and Northwest Cameroon. Canadian Journal of African Studies/La Revue Canadienne des études Africaines 40(1):127-151. |
|
|
De Bruijn M, Van Dijk H (2005). Natural resources, scarcity and conflict: A perspective from below In Chabal PU (ed,). Is violence Inevitable in Africa? Theories of conflict and approaches to conflict prevention. Boston: Brill Leiden. |
|
|
Dejene E, Shishira EK, Yanda PZ, Johnsen FH (1997). Land degradation in Tanzania: Perception from a village. Washington DC, USA: World Bank. |
|
|
Fabusoro E, Sodiya CI (2011). Institutions for collective action among settled Fulani agro-pastoralists in southwest Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 17(1):53-68. |
|
|
Fairhead J, Scoones I (2005). Local knowledge and the social shaping of soil investments: Critical Perspectives on the Assessment of Soil Degradation in Africa. Land Use Policy 22(1):33-41. |
|
|
Fratkin E (1997). Pastoralism: Governance and development issues. Annual Review of Anthropology 26(1):235-261. |
|
|
Hardin G (1968). The tragedy of the commons: the population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality. Science 162(3859):1243-1248. |
|
|
Home R (2021). History and prospects for African land governance: Institutions, Technology and Land Rights for All. Land 10:292. |
|
|
Homer-Dixon TF (1999). Environment, Security, and Violence. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. |
|
|
Homer-Dixon TF (1994). Environmental scarcities and violent conflict: Evidence from cases. International Security 19(1):5-40. |
|
|
Ja'afar-Furo MR, Gabdo BH, Madu UA (2018). Dynamics of farmer-pastoralist conflicts in Nigeria: Causes, economic costs and possible resolutions. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Environment and Social Sciences 4(1):59-68. |
|
|
Kajembe G, Mbwilo A, Kidunda R, Nduwamungu J (2003). Resource use conflicts in Usangu plains, Mbarali district, Tanzania. The International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 10(4):333-343. |
|
|
Kangalawe RY, Lyimo JG (2010). Population dynamics, rural livelihoods and environmental degradation: Some experiences from Tanzania. Environment, Development and Sustainability 12(6):985-997. |
|
|
Koubi V, Spilker G, Böhmelt T, Bernauer T (2014). Do natural resources matter for interstate and intrastate armed conflict? Journal of Peace Research 51(2):227-243. |
|
|
Kuusaana ED, Bukari KN (2015). Land conflicts between smallholders and Fulani pastoralists in Ghana: Evidence from the Asante Akim North District (AAND). Journal of Rural Studies 42:52-62. |
|
|
Lestrelin G (2010). Land degradation in the Lao PDR: Discourses and policy. Land Use Policy 27(2):424-439. |
|
|
Link PM, Brücher T, Claussen M, Link JS, Scheffran J (2015). The nexus of climate change, land use, and conflict: Complex human-environment interactions in Northern Africa. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96(9):1561-1564. |
|
|
Malley ZJ, Taeb M, Matsumoto T, Takeya H (2008). Linking perceived land and water resources degradation, scarcity and livelihood conflicts in southwestern Tanzania: Implications for sustainable rural livelihood. Environment, Development and Sustainability 10(3):349-372. |
|
|
Matondi PB, Havnevik K, Beyene A (2011). Introduction: Biofuels, food security and land grabbing in Africa. In Matondi PB, Havnevik K, Beyene A (eds,). Biofuels, food security and land grabbing in Africa. London: Zed Books. |
|
|
Mayer B (2012). The dynamics of conflict: A guide to engagement and intervention: Second edition. San Francisco: John Wiley and Sons. |
|
|
Mbah PO, Iwuamadi KC, Udeoji E, Eze M, Ezeibe CC (2021). Exiles in their region: pastoralist-farmer conflict and population displacements in North Central, Nigeria. African Population Studies 35(1):5219-5228. |
|
|
Mbonile MJ (2005). Migration and intensification of water conflicts in the Pangani basin, Tanzania. Habitat International 29(1):41-67. |
|
|
Moritz M (2006). Changing contexts and dynamics of farmer-herder conflicts across West Africa. Canadian Journal of African Studies/La Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines 40(1):1-40. |
|
|
Moritz M (2009). Farmer-herder conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa. The encyclopaedia of Earth. |
|
|
Moritz M (2010). Understanding herder-farmer conflicts in West Africa: Outline of Processual approach. Human Organization 69(2):138-148. |
|
|
Moritz M, Scholte P, Hamilton IM, Kari S (2013). Open access, open systems: Pastoral management of common-pool resources in the Chad Basin. Human Ecology 41(3):351-365. |
|
|
Mwamfupe D (2015). Persistence of farmer-herder conflicts in Tanzania. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 5(2):1-8. |
|
|
Naab FZ, Dinye RD, Kasanga RK (2013). Urbanisation and its impact on agricultural lands in growing cities in developing countries: A case study of Tamale in Ghana. Modern Social Science Journal 2(2):256-287. |
|
|
Nelson F (2012). Natural conservationists? Evaluating the impact of pastoralist land use practices on Tanzania's wildlife economy. Pastoralism 2(1):1-19. |
|
|
Nelson F, Sulle E, Lekaita E (2012). Land grabbing and political transformation in Tanzania. International conference on global land grabbing II. Cornell University, Ithaca NY. LDIP. |
|
|
Ngin C, Verkoren W (2015). Understanding power in hybrid political orders: Applying stakeholder analysis to land conflicts in Cambodia. Journal of Peace building and Development 10(1):25-39. |
|
|
Nwokolo NN (2013). The political economy of oil resource conflicts: a study of oil village communities in Nigeria. Doctoral dissertation, University of Birmingham. |
|
|
Pavanello S, Scott-Villiers P (2013). Conflict resolution and peace building in the drylands in the Greater Horn of Africa. Nairobi, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). |
|
|
Pedersen RH (2016). Access to land reconsidered: The land grab, polycentric governance and Tanzania's new wave land reform. Geoforum 72:104-113. |
|
|
Peluso NL, Watts M (2001). Violent environments. Cornell University Press. |
|
|
Peters PE (2008). Conflicts over land and water in Africa: Edited by Bill Derman, Rie Odgaard and Espen Sjaastad. Journal of Agrarian Change 8(4):633-636. |
|
|
Petersen KH (2017). Chaotic states: Agricultural ground rent in Africa. IIPE conference paper, Berlin, September 13-15. |
|
|
Ratner B, Meinzen-Dick R, May C, Haglund E (2013). Resource conflict, collective action, and resilience: An analytical framework. Available at: |
|
|
Reuveny R (2007). Climate change-induced migration and violent conflict. Political Geography 26(6):656-673. |
|
|
Rutten M, Mwangi M (2014). How natural is natural? Seeking conceptual clarity over natural resources and conflicts. Conflicts over Natural Resources in the Global South-Conceptual Approaches, 51. |
|
|
Soeters S, Weesie R, Zoomers A (2017). Agricultural investments and farmer-fulani pastoralist conflict in West African drylands: A northern Ghanaian case study. Sustainability 9:2063. |
|
|
Umbreit MS (1995). Meadiating interpersonal conflicts: A pathway to peace. Minnesota: CPI publishing. |
|
|
Urdal H (2005). People vs. Malthus: Population pressure, environmental degradation, and armed conflict revisited. Journal of Peace Research 42(4):417-434. |
|
|
URT (2015). Tanzania livestock modernization initiative. Available at: |
|
|
Van Leeuwen M, Van Der Haar G (2016). Theorizing the land-violent conflict nexus. World Development 78:94-104. |
|
|
Wallensteen P (2012). Understanding conflict resolution. London: Sage publication limited. |
|
Copyright © 2023 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
