Full Length Research Paper
ABSTRACT
Aflatoxin contamination of poultry feeds in Nigeria is a common problem in most feed mills. A survey on the distribution of aflatoxin in feed mills from different parts of Nigeria was carried out. The aflatoxin concentration in most feed mills from the North-western part of Nigeria was low compared to the concentration in the feed mills from the South-eastern part. The total aflatoxin level in three feed mills (B, C and D) out of the four feed mills sampled in North-West ranged from 8.4 ± 2.7-13 ± 4.2 μg/kg. However, feed mill A, had higher concentration of aflatoxin 120 ± 38 μg/kg compared to the others. Three of the North-west feed mills with low aflatoxin concentration were below the 20 μg/kg recommended by United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) but the concentrations were higher than the 10 μg/kg recommended by the European commission (EU). The total aflatoxin in the three feed mills sampled from the South-eastern part of Nigeria ranged from 30 ± 9.6 μg/kg in feed mill G to 34 ± 11 μg/kg in feed mill E. The results from the South-eastern part are comparable with the data from the South-western part of the country. AFG2 was very low in the feed mills sampled in the studied geopolitical regions while AFB1 appeared to be relatively high in all the feed mills in these regions. Screening of the contaminated feeds for aflatoxigenic fungi showed that Aspergillus species were the most common fungal contaminants, with Aspergillus amstelodami and Aspergillus niger being the most isolated fungi. The study has provided a comparative data on aflatoxin distribution in poultry feeds across some geopolitical zones in Nigeria. The obtained data could be useful in aflatoxin mapping in the studied geopolitical zones. Major fungal contaminants of the feed samples from all the geopolitical zones were also identified in this study.
Key words: Aflatoxin, Aspergillus, fungi, mycotoxin, Nigeria, feed mills, poultry feed.
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Adebajo LO, Diyaolu SA (2003). Mycology and spoilage of retail cashew nuts. African Journal of Biotechnology 2(10):369-373 |
|
Adene DF, Oguntade AE (2006). Nigeria: poultry sector country review. |
|
Adeniran AL, Anthony MH, Lami MH (2013). Survey of mycotoxigenic fungi in concentrated poultry feed in Niger State, Nigeria. Journal of Food Research 2(2):128-135. |
|
Bankole SA, Adebanjo A (2003). Mycotoxins in food in West Africa: current situation and possibilities of controlling it. African Journal of Biotechnology 2(9):254-263. |
|
Bankole SA, Schollenberger M, Drochner W (2006). Mycotoxins in food systems in sub-Saharan Africa: a review. Mycotoxin Research 22:163-169. |
|
Biselli S, Hummert C (2005). Development of a multicomponent method for Fusarium toxins using LC-MS/MS and its application during a survey for the content of T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol in various feed and food samples. Food Additive and Contaminants 22(8):752-760. |
|
Blaha J, Lohnisky J (1990). Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus strains isolated from Vietnamese feeds. Tropical Science 30:33-40. |
|
Bressac B, Kew M, Wands J, Ozturk M (1991). Selective G to T mutations of p53 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma from Southern Africa. Nature 350(6317):429-431. |
|
Chelkowski J (1991). Cereal Grain: Mycotoxins, Fungi and Quality in Drying and Storage. Elsevier: Amsterdam. |
|
Dalcero A, Magnoli C, Hallak C, Chiacchiera SM, Palacio G, Rosa CAR |
|
(2002). Detection of ochratoxin A in animal feeds and capacity to produce this mycotoxin by Aspergillus section Nigri in Argentina. Food Additives and Contaminants 19(11):1065-1072. |
|
Donner M, Atehnkeng J, Sikora RA, Bandyopadhyay R, Cotty PJ (2009). Distribution of Aspergillus section Flavi in soils of maize fields in three agroecological zones of Nigeria. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 41(1):37-44. |
|
Ezekiel CN, Bandyopadhyay R, Sulyok M, Warth B, Krska R (2012). Fungal and bacterial metabolites in commercial poultry feeds from Nigeria. Food Additives and Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment 29(8):1288-99. |
|
Ezekiel CN, Udom IE, Frisvad JC, Adetunji MC, Houbraken J, Fapohunda SO, Samson RA, Atanda OO, Agi-Otto MC, Onashile OA (2014). Assessment of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus and other fungi in millet and sesame from Plateau State, Nigeria. Mycology 5(1):16-22 |
|
Filtenborg O, Frisvad TC, Samson RA (2000). Specific association of fungi in foods and influence of physical environmental factors. In Samson RA, Hoekstra ES, Frisvad JC, Filtenborg O (Eds.), Introduction to Food-and Airborne Fungi (6th Ed., pp. 306-320). Utrecht: Central bureauvoor Schimmel culture. |
|
Food and Agriculture Organization (2004). Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foodand feed in 2003. Food and Nutrition Papers No. 81. Rome: FAO. |
|
Groopman JD, Kensler W (1996). Temporal patterns of aflatoxin-albumin adduct in hepatitis B surface antigenpositiveand antigen-negative residents of Daxin, Qidong County, and People's Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 5(4):253-261. |
|
Hussein HS, Basel JM (2001). Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology 167(2):101-134. |
|
Kamalavenkatesh P, Vairamuthu S, Balachandran C, Muralimanohar B, Dhinakarray G (2005). Immunopathological effect of the mycotoxins cyclopiazonic acid and T- 2 toxin on broiler chicken. Mycopathologia 159:273-279. |
|
Kana JR, Teguia A, Tchoumboue J (2006). Effect of dietary plant charcoal from Canariumschweinfurthii Engl. and maize cob on aflatoxin B1 toxicosis in broiler chickens. Livestock Research and Rural Development 22. View. Accessed March 12, 2019. |
|
Kehinde MT, Oluwafemi F, Itoandon EE, Orji FA, Ajayi OI (2014). Fungal Profile and Aflatoxin Contamination in Poultry Feeds Sold in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Nigerian Food Journal 32(1):73-79. |
|
Killebrew K, Plotnick R (2010). Poultry market in West Africa: Nigeria. EPAR Brief No. 84. Seattle (WA): Evans School of Public Affairs, Washington State University. |
|
Klich MA, Mullaney EM, Daly CB, Cary JW (2000). Molecular and physiological aspects of aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis by Aspergillus tamari and A. ochraceoroseus. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 53:605-609. |
|
Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K (2016). MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33(7):1870-1874. |
|
Mgbeahuruike AC, Ejioffor TE, Obasi CC, Shoyinka VC, Karlsson M, Nordkvist E (2018). Detoxification of Aflatoxin-Contaminated Poultry Feeds by 3 Adsorbents, Bentonite, Activated Charcoal, and Fuller's Earth. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 27(4):461-471. |
|
Mgbeahuruike AC, Karlsson M, Asiegbu FO (2012). Differential expression of two hydrophobin genes (Pgh1 and Pgh2) from the biological control agent Phlebiopsis gigantea. Fungal Biology 116(5):620-629. |
|
Njobeh BP, Dutton MF, Koch SH, Chuturgoon A (2003). Contamination with storage fungi of human foods. Camerounian International Journal of Food Microbiology 135:193-198. |
|
Oguz H, Kececi T, Birdane YO, Onder F, Kurtoglu V (2000). Effect of clinoptilolite on serum biochemical and haematological characters of broiler chickens during aflatoxicosis. Research in Veterinary Science 69(1):89-93. |
|
Oliviera CAF, Sebastiao LS, Fagundes H, Rosim RE, Fernandes AM (2008). Aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid in feed and milk from dairy farms in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Food Additives and Contaminants B 1(2):147-152. |
|
Paterson R, Lima N (2011). Further mycotoxin effects from climate change. Food Research International 44(9):2555-2566. |
|
Peterson SW, Ito Y, Horn BW, Goto T (2001). Aspergillus bombycis, a new aflatoxigenic species and genetic variation in its sibling species, A. nomius. Mycologia 93(4):689-703. |
|
Pitt JI, Hocking AD (2009). Fungi and Food Spoilage, 3rd edition, Springer Science plus Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA, 524 pp. |
|
Rodrigues I, Naehrer K (2012). A three-year survey on the worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in feedstuffs and feed. Toxins 4(9):663-675. |
|
Schaller JL (2009). Clinical Research of Mycotoxicosis on Animals www.personalconsult.com Accessed July 29, 2019. |
|
Spanjer MC, Rensen PM. Scholten JM (2008). LC-MS/MS multi-method for mycotoxins after single extraction, with validation data for peanut, pistachio, wheat, maize, cornflakes, raisins and figs. Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment 25(4):472-89. |
|
Tamura K, Nei M (1993). Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Molecular Biology and Evolution 10(3):512-26. |
|
Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ (1994). CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research 22(22):4673-4680. |
|
Tiemann U, Dänicke S (2007). In vivo and in vitro effects on the mycotoxins zearalenone and deoxynivalenol on different non-reproductive and reproductive organs in female pigs: A review. Food Additives and Contaminants 24(3):306-314. |
|
USDA Foreign Agricultural Service (USDA-FAS) (2010). GAIN report: Nigeria grain and feed. Annual Report. Washington (DC): Department of Agriculture. |
|
Xiao H, Marquardt RR, Frohlich AA, Phillips GD (1991). Effect of a hay and a grain diet on the bioavailability of ochratoxin A in the rumen of sheep. Journal of Animal Science 69(9):3715-3723. |
|
Zollner P, Jodlbauer J, Lindner W (1999). Determination of zearalenone in grains by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after solid-phase extraction with RP-18 columns or immunoaffinity columns. Journal of Chromatography A 858(2):167-174. |
Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0