African Journal of
Biotechnology

  • Abbreviation: Afr. J. Biotechnol.
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 1684-5315
  • DOI: 10.5897/AJB
  • Start Year: 2002
  • Published Articles: 12488

Review

Approaches to bioremediation of fossil fuel contaminated soil: An overview

Oghenekume G. Edeki
  • Oghenekume G. Edeki
  • Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Rhodes University (EBRU), P. O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
  • Google Scholar
A. Keith Cowan
  • A. Keith Cowan
  • Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Rhodes University (EBRU), P. O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
  • Google Scholar


  •  Received: 10 July 2013
  •  Accepted: 10 June 2014
  •  Published: 25 June 2014

References

Abdulsalam S, Bugaje IM, Adefila SS, Ibrahim S (2011). Comparison of biostimulation and bioaugmentation for remediation of soil contaminated with spent motor oil. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 8:187-194.
Crossref
 
Abed RMM, Al-Thukair A, De Beer D (2006). Bacterial diversity of a cyanobacterial mat degrading petroleum compounds at elevated salinities and temperatures. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 57:290-301.
Crossref
 
Ackerson MD, Johnson NL, Le M, Clausen EC, Gaddy JL (1990). Biosolubilization and liquid fuel production from coal. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 24/25:913-928.
Crossref
 
Alexander M (1999). Biodegradation and bioremediation. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA.
 
Aparna A, Srinikethan G, Hegde S (2011). Effect of addition of biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas sps. on biodegradation of crude oil. 2011 2nd International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology. IACSIT Press, Singapore.
 

Arctech Inc. (2007). Balancing the earth with pre-combustion carbon sequestration.

View

 
Atlas RM (1981). Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons:an environmental perspective. Microbiol. Rev. 45:180-209.
Pubmed
 
Atlas RM (1985). Effects of hydrocarbons on micro-organisms and biodegradation in arctic ecosystems. In:Engelhardt FR, editor. Petroleum Effects in the Arctic Environment. London, UK. pp. 63–99.
 
Baek K, Yoon B, Oh H, Kim H, Lee I (2006). Biodegradation of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons by Nocardia sp. H17-1. Geomicrobiol. J. 23(5):253-259.
Crossref
 
Balba MT, Al-Shayji Y, Al-Awadhi N, Yateem A (2002). Isolation and characterization of biosurfactant producing bacteria from oil contaminated soil. Soil Sed. Contam. 11:41-55.
 
Barathi S, Vasudevan N (2001). Utilization of petroleum hydrocarbons by Pseudomonas fluorescens isolated from petroleum contaminated soil. Environ. Int. 26:413-416.
Crossref
 
Basha KM, Rajendran A, Thangavelu V (2010). Recent advances in the biodegradation of phenol:a review. Asian J. Exp. Biol. Sci. 1:219-234.
 
Basha S, Gopal K, Jebaraj S (2009). A review on biodiesel production, combustion, emissions and performance. Renew. Sustain. Environ. Rev. 13:1628-1634.
Crossref
 
Bento FM, Camargo AO, Okeke BC, Frankenberger WT (2005). Comparative bioremediation of soils contaminated with diesel oil by natural attenuation, biostimulation, and bioaugmentation. Bioresour. Technol. 96:1049-1055.
Crossref
 
Bertrand JC, Al-Mallah M, Acquaviva M, Mille G (1990). Biodegradation of hydrocarbons by an extremely halophilic archaebacterium. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 11:260-263.
Crossref
 
Boonchan S, Britz ML, Stanley GA (1998). Surfactant-enhanced biodegradation of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 59:482-494.
Crossref
 
Boonchan S, Britz ML, Stanley GA (2000). Degradation and mineralization of high molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by defined fungal–bacterial co-cultures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:1007-1019.
Crossref
 
Bossert I, Bartha R (1984). The fate of petroleum in soil ecosystems in:Petroleum Microbiology. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, USA.
 

BP (2011). BP Statistical Review of World Energy.

View

 

BP (2012). BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2012.

View

 
Breedveld GD, Sparrevik M (2000). Nutrient-limited biodegradation of PAH in various soil strata at a creosote contaminated site. Bioedegradation 11:391-399.
Crossref
 
Chaîneau CH, Rougeux G, Yéprémian C, Oudot J (2005). Effects of nutrient concentration on the biodegradation of crude oil and associated microbial populations in the soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 37:1490-1497.
Crossref
 
Chen B, Yen C, Hsueh C (2009). Cost-effective biostimulation strategy for waste water decolorization using immobilized-cell systems. Bioresour. Technol. 100:2975-2981.
Crossref
 
Cohen M, Feldman KA, Brown CS, Gray ET (1990.) Isolation and identification of the coal-solubilizing agent produced by Trametes versicolor. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:3285-3291.
Pubmed
 
Cohen MS, Bowers WC, Aronson H, Gray ET (1987). Cell-free solubilization of coal by Polyporus versicolor. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:2840-2843.
Pubmed
 
Cohen MS, Gabriele PD (1982). Degradation of coal by the fungi Polyporus versicolor and Poria monticola. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:23-27.
Pubmed
 
Colombo JC, Cabello M, Arambarri AM (1996). Biodegradation of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons by natural soil microflora and pure cultures of imperfect and lignolitic fungi. Environ. Pollut. 94:355-362.
Crossref
 
Cooney JJ (1984). The fate of petroleum pollutants in fresh water ecosystems in:Petroleum microbiology. Macmillan, New York, NY, USA.
 
Cooney JJ, Silver SA, Beck EA (1985). Factors influencing hydrocarbon degradation in three freshwater lakes. Microb. Ecol. 11:127-137.
Crossref
 
Crawford DL, Gupta RK (1991). Characterization of extracellular bacterial enzymes which depolymerize a soluble lignite coal polymer. Fuel 70:577–580.
Crossref
 
D'Annibale A, Rosetto F, Leonardi V, Federici F, Petruccioli M (2006). Role of autochthonous filamentous fungi in bioremediation of a soil historically contaminated with aromatic hydrocarbons. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:28-36.
Crossref
 
Da Silva MLB, Ruiz-Aguilar GML, Alvarez PJJ (2005). Enhanced anaerobic biodegradation of BTEX-ethanol mixtures in aquifer columns amended with sulphate, chelated ferric iron or nitrate. Biodegradation 16:105-114.
Crossref
 
Dams RI, Paton G, Killham K (2007). Bioaugmentation of pentachlorophenol in soil and hydroponic system. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 60:171–177.
Crossref
 
Das K, Mukherjee AK (2007). Crude petroleum-oil biodegradation efficiency of Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from a petroleum-oil contaminated soil from North-East India. Biores. Technol. 98:1339-1345.
Crossref
 
Das N, Chandran P (2011). Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants:an overview. Biotechnol. Res. Int. 1:1-13.
 
Devinny J, Chang SH (2000). Bioaugmentation for soil bioremediation in:Bioremediation of contaminated soils. Marcel Dekker, New York, USA. pp. 466-488.
 
Dıaz E, Jiménez JI, Nogales J (2013). Aerobic degradation of aromatic compounds. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 24:431-442.
Crossref
 
Díaz MP, Boyd KG, Grigson SGW, Burgess JG (2002). Biodegradation of crude oil across a wide range of salinities by an extremely halotolerant bacterial consortium MPD-M, immobilized onto polypropylene fibers. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 79:145-153.
Crossref
 
Diya'uddeen BH, Wan Daud WMA, Abdul Aziz AR (2011). Treatment technologies for petroleum refinery effluents: A review. Proc. Safe. Environ. Prot. 89:95-105.
Crossref
 
Doerffer JW (1992). Chemical response technology to an oil spill in: Oil spill response in the marine environment. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.
 
Elazhari-Ali A, Singh AK, Davenport RJ, Head IM, David Werner (2013). Biofuel components change the ecology of bacterial volatile petroleum hydrocarbon degradation in aerobic sandy soil. Environ. Pol. 173:125-132.
Crossref
 

ERC (2004). Energy for sustainable development: South African Profile, Phase 1 Final Report.

View

 
Evans FF, Rosado AS, Sebastián GV, Casella R, Machado PLOA, Holmström C (2004). Impact of oil contamination and biostimulation on the diversity of indigenous bacterial communities in soil microcosms. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 49:295-305.
Crossref
 
Fakoussa RM (1981). Coal as a substrate for microorganisms. Investigations of the microbial decomposition of (untreated) bituminous coals. Ph.D. Dissertation, Rhein Friedrich-Wilhelm University, Germany.
 
Fakoussa RM (1988). Production of water-soluble coal-substances by partial microbial liquefaction of untreated hard coal. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 1:251-260.
Crossref
 
Fakoussa RM (1994). The influence of different chelators on the solubilization/liquefaction of different pretreated and natural lignites. Fuel Proc. Technol. 40:183-192.
Crossref
 
Fakoussa RM, Frost PJ (1999). In vivo-decolorization of coal derived humic acids by laccase-excreting fungus Trametes versicolor. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 52:60-65.
Crossref
 
Fakoussa RM, Hofrichter M (1999). Biotechnology and microbiology of coal degradation. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 52:25-40.
Crossref
 
Foght J (2008). Anaerobic biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons:Pathways and prospects. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 15:93-120.
Crossref
 
Foght JM, Westlake DWS, Johnson WM, Ridgway HF (1996). Environmental gasoline-utilizing isolates and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are taxonomically indistinguishable by chemotaxonomic and molecular techniques. Microbiology 142:2333-2340.
Crossref
 
Franzetti A, Caredda P, Ruggeri C, La Colla L, Tamburini E, Papacchini M (2009). Potential application of surface active compounds by Gordonia sp. strain BS29 in soil remediation technologies. Chemosphere 75:801-807.
Crossref
 
Fredrickson JK, Stewart DL, Campbell JA, Powell MA, McMullock M, Pyne JW, Bean RM (1990). Biosolubilization of low-rank coal by a Trametes versicolor siderophore-like product and other complexing agents. J. Ind. Microbiol. 5:401-406.
Crossref
 
Fritsche W, Hofrichter M (2000). Aerobic degradation by microorganisms: principles of bacterial degradation in:Biotechnology, Environmental Processes II, Vol. IIb. Wiley-VCH, Weinhein, Germany.
 
Fuchtenbusch B, Steinbuchel A (1999). Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates from low rank coal liquefaction products by Pseudomonas oleovorans and Rhodococcus ruber. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 52:91-95.
Crossref
 
Garon D, Sage L, Wouessidjewe D, Seigle-Murandi F (2004). Enhanced degradation of fluorine in soil slurry by Absidia cylindrospora and maltosyl-cyclodextrin. Chemosphere 56:159-66.
Crossref
Gentry TJ, Newby DT, Josephson KL, Pepper IL (2001). Soil microbial population dynamics following bioaugmentation with a 3-chlorobenzoate-degrading bacterial culture. Biodegradation 349:349-357.
Crossref
 
Global Environmental Outlook-4 (Geo-4)(2007). Environment for Development. United Nations Environmental Programme.
 
Gokcay CF, Kolankaya N, Dilek FB (2001). Microbial solubilization of lignites. Fuel 80:1421-1433.
Crossref
 
Gotz GKE, Fakoussa RM (1999). Fungal biosolubilization of Rhenish brown coal monitored by Curie point pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry using tetraethylammonium hydroxide. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 52:41-48.
Crossref
 
Grethlein HE (1990). Pretreatment of Lignite in: Bioprocessing and biotreatment of coal. Dekker, New York.
 
Grinhut T, Hadar Y, Chen Y (2007). Degradation and transformation of humic substances by saprotrophic fungi: processes and mechanisms. Fungal Biol. Rev. 21:179-189.
Crossref
 
Haider R, Ghauri MA, SanFilipo JR, Jones EJ, Orem,WH, Tatu CA, Akhtar K, Akhtar N (2013). Fungal degradation of coal as a pretreatment for methane production. Fuel 104:717-725.
Crossref
 
Hamamura N, Storfa RT, Semprini L, Arp DJ (1999). Diversity in butane monooxygenases among butane-grown bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:4586-4593.
Pubmed
 
Hamzah A, Tavakoli A, Rabu A (2011). Detection of toluene degradation in bacteria isolated from oil contaminated soils. Sains Malaysiana 40:1231-1235.
 
Hasan SW, Ghannam MT, Esmail N (2010). Heavy crude oil viscosity reduction and rheology for pipeline transportation. Fuel 89:1095-1100.
Crossref
 
Heider J, Schuhle K (2013). Anaerobic biodegradation of hydrocarbons including methane in the prokaryotes: Prokaryotic physiology and biochemistry. 4th Edition. Springer, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London.
 
Heitkamp MA, Freeman JP, Miller DW, Cerniglia CE (1988). Pyrene-degradation by a Mycobacterium sp.: identification of oxidation and ring fission products. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:2556-2565.
Pubmed
 
Hofrichter M, Fakoussa R (2001). Microbial Degradation and Modification of Coal in:Lignin, humic substances and coal. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany.
 
Hofrichter M, Fritsche W (1997a). Depolymerization of low-rank coal by extracellular fungal enzyme systems. II. The ligninolytic enzymes of the coal-humic-acid-depolymerizing fungus Nematoloma frowardii b19. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 47:419-424.
Crossref
 
Hofrichter M, Fritsche W (1997b). Depolymerization of low-rank coal by extracellular fungal enzyme systems. III. In vitro depolymerization of coal humic acids by a crude preparation of manganese peroxidase from the white-rot fungus Nematoloma frowardii b19. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 47:566-571.
Crossref
 
Hong Q, Zhang Z, Hong Y, Li S (2008). A microcosm study on bioremediation of fenitrothion-contaminated soil using Burkholderia sp. FDS-1. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 59:55-61.
Crossref
 
Höök M, Tang X (2013). Depletion of fossil fuels and anthropogenic climate change - A review. Energy Policy 52:797-809.
Crossref
 
Igbinigie EE, Aktins S, van Breugel Y, van Dyke S, Davies-Coleman MT, Rose PD (2008). Fungal biodegradation of hard coal by a newly reported isolate, Neosartorya fischeri. Biotechnol. J. 3:1407-1416.
Crossref
 

International Energy Agency (IEA) (2011). Key world energy statistics.

View

 
Jacques RJS, Okeke BC, Bento FM, Teixeira AS, Peralba MCR, Comargo FAO (2008). Microbial consortium bioaugmentation of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contaminated soil. Bioresour. Technol. 99:2637-2643.
Crossref
 
Jean JS, Tsai CL, Ju SH, Tsao CW, Wang SM (2002). Biodegradation and transport of benzene, toluene, and xylenes in a simulated aquifer: comparison of modelled and experimental results. Hydrol. Proc. 16:3151-3168.
Crossref
 
Jean JS, Wang Lee MK, Chattopadhyay SM, Maity JP (2008). Effects of inorganic nutrient levels on the biodegradation of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) by Pseudomonas spp. in a laboratory porous media sand aquifer model. Bioresour. Technol. 99:7807-7815.
Crossref
 
Jernberg C, Jansson JK (2002). Impact of 4-chlorophenol contamination and/or inoculation withthe4-chlorophenol-degrading strain, Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6L, on soil bacterial community structure. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 42:387-397.
Crossref
 
Jiang F, Li Z, Lv Z, Goa T, Yang J, Qin Z, Yuan H (2013). The biosolubilization of lignite by Bacillus sp. Y7 and characterization of the soluble products. Fuel 103:639-643.
Crossref
 
Jiménez N, Vinas M, Sabaté J, Díez S, Bayona JM, Solanas AM, Albaiges J (2006). The Prestige oil spill. 2. Enhanced biodegradation of a heavy fuel oil under field conditions by the use of an oleophilic fertilizer. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40:2578-2585.
Crossref
 
Jones JG, Knight M, Byron JA (1970). Effect of gross pollution by kerosene hydrocarbons on the microflora of moorland soil. Nature 227:1166.
Crossref
 
Juhasz AL, Britz ML, Stanley GA (1996). Degradation of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Pseudomonas cepacia. Biotechnol. Lett. 18:577-582.
Crossref
 
Juteau P, Bisaillon J, Lépine F, Ratheau V, Beaudet R, Villemu R (2003). Improving the biotreatment of hydrocarbons-contaminated soils by addition of activated sludge taken from the wastewater treatment facilities of an oil refinery. Biodegradation 14:31-40.
Crossref
 
Juwarkar AA, Jambhulkar HP (2008). Phytoremediation of coal mine spoil dump through integrated biotechnological approach. Bioresour. Technol. 99:4732-4741.
Crossref
 
Kanekar PP, Sarmaik SS, Kelkar AS (1999). Bioremediation of phenol by alkaliphilic bacteria isolated from alkaline lake of Lonar, India. J. Appl. Microbiol. 1:128-133.
 
Kang JW (2014). Removing environmental organic pollutants with bioremediation and phytoremediation. Biotechnol. Lett. 36(6):1129-39.
Crossref
 
Karigar CS, Rao SS (2011). Role of microbial enzymes in the bioremediation of pollutants: A review. Enzyme Res. 2011:1-11.
Crossref
 
Klein J, Fakoussa R, Holker U, Hofrichter R, Schmiers H, Sinder C, Steinbuchel A (2008). Biotechnology of Coal in: Biotechnology. Special Processes, Wiley VCH, Weinheim, Germany.
 
Kosaric N (2001). Biosurfactants and their application for soil bioremediation. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 39:295-304.
 
Kumar M, León V, Materano AD, Ilzins OA, Luis L (2008). Biosurfactant production and hydrocarbon-degradation by halotolerant and thermotolerant Pseudomonas sp. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 24:1047-1057.
Crossref
 
Kvenvolden KA, Cooper CK. (2003). Natural seepage of crude oil into the marine environment. Geo-Mar. Lett. 23:140-146.
Crossref
 
Laborda F, Monistrol IF, Luna N, Fernández M (1999). Processes of liquefaction/solubilization of Spanish coals by microorganisms. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 52:49-56.
Crossref
 
Leahy JG, Colwell RR (1990). Microbial degradation of hydrocarbons in the environment. Microbiol. Rev. 54:305-315.
Pubmed
 
Li Y, Lei Z, Zhang Z, Sugiura N (2006). Effects of nutrient addition on phenol biodegradation rate in biofilm reactors for hypersaline wastewater treatment. Environ. Technol. 27:511-520.
Crossref
 
Liu PG, Whang L, Yang M, Cheng S (2008). Biodegradation of diesel-contaminated soil: A soil column study. J. Chin. Inst. Chem. Eng. 39:419-428.
Crossref
 
Lohi A, Cuenca AM, Anania G, Upreti SR, Wan L (2008). Biodegradation of diesel fuel-contaminated wastewater using a three-phase fluidized bed reactor. J. Hazard. Mater. 154:105-111.
Crossref
 
Ma F, Shi S-N, Sun T-H, Li A. Zhou J-T, Qu Y-Y (2013). Biotransformation of benzene and toluene to catechols by phenol hydroxylase from Arthrobacter sp. W1. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 97:5097-5103.
Crossref
 
Machnikowska H, Pawelec K, Podgórska A (2002). Microbial degradation of low rank coals. Fuel Proc. Technol. 77:17-23.
Crossref
 
Maier T, Forster HH, Asperger O, Hahn U (2001) Molecular characterization of the 56-kDa CYP153 from Acinetobacter sp. EB104. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 286:652-658.
Crossref
 
Maki H, Sasaki T, Sasaki E, Ishihara M, Goto M, Harayama S (1999). Use of wastewater sludge for the amendment of crude oil bioremediation in meso-scale beach simulating tanks. Environ. Technol. 20:625-632.
Crossref
 
Mancera-Lopez ME, Esparza-Garcıa F, Chavez-Gomez B, Rodrıguez-Vazquez R, Saucedo-Castaneda G, Barrera-Cortes J (2008). Bioremediation of an aged hydrocarbon- contaminated soil by a combined system of biostimulation-bioaugmentation with filamentous fungi. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 61:151-60.
Crossref
 
Mann P, Gahagan L, Gordon MB (2003). Tectonic setting of the world's giant oil and gas fields in:Giant oil and gas fields of the decade, 1990-1999. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol.Tulsa Okla. USA.
 
Martin F, Malagnoux L, Violet F, Jakoncic J, Jouanneau Y (2013). Diversity and catalytic potential of PAH-specific ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases from a hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 97:5125-5135.
Crossref
 
Medina-Bellver JI, Marín P, Delgado A, Rodríguez-Sánchez A, Reyes E, Ramos JL Marqués S (2005). Evidence for in situ crude oil biodegradation after the prestige oil spill. Environ. Microbiol. 7:773-779.
Crossref
 
Megharaj M, Ramakrishnan B, Venkateswarlu K, Sethunathan N Naidu R (2011). Bioremediation approaches for organic pollutants: A critical perspective. Environ. Int. 37:1362-1375.
Crossref
 
Minai-Tehrani D, Herfatmanesh A, Azari-Dehkordi F, Minuoi S (2006). Effect of salinity on biodegradation of aliphatic fractions of crude oil in soil. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 9:1531-1535.
Crossref
 
Mnif S, Chamkha M, Labat M, Sayadi S (2011). Simultaneous hydrocarbon biodegradation and biosurfactant production by oilfield-selected bacteria. J. Appl. Microbiol. 111:525-536.
Crossref
 
Mukherjee AK, Bordoloi NK (2011). Bioremediation and reclamation of soil contaminated with petroleum oil hydrocarbons by exogenously seeded bacterial consortium:a pilot-scale study. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 18:471-478.
Crossref
 
Mukherjee AK, Bordoloi NK (2012). Biodegradation of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) in liquid culture and in soil by Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains and a formulated bacterial consortium. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 19:3380-3388.
Crossref
 
Muradov N (2001). Hydrogen via methane decomposition:an application for decarbonization of fossil fuels. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 26:1165-1175.
Crossref
 
Namkoong W, Hwang EY, Park JS, Choi JY (2002). Bioremediation of diesel-contaminated soil with composting. Environ. Pollut. 119:23-31.
Crossref
 
Ndimele PE (2010). A review on the phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 13:715-722.
Crossref
 
Niu G-L, Zhang J-J, Zhao S, Liu H, Boon N, Zhou N-Y (2009). Bioaugmentation of a 4-chloronitrobenzene contaminated soil with Pseudomonas putida ZWL73. Environ. Pollut. 157:763-771.
Crossref
 
Oboirien BO, Burton SG, Cowan D, Harrison STL (2008). The effect of the particulate phase on coal biosolubilisation mediated by Trichoderma atroviride in a slurry bioreactor. Fuel Proc. Technol. 89:123-130.
Crossref
 
Okoh AI (2006). Biodegradation alternative in the clean-up of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants. Biotechnol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 138-50.
 
Olson GJ, Brinckman FE (1986). Bioprocessing of coal. Fuel 65:1638-1646.
Crossref
 
Oudot J, Merlin FX, Pinvidic P (1998). Weathering rates of oil components in a bioremediation experiment in estuarine sediments. Mar. Environ. Res. 45:113-125.
Crossref
 
Philp JC, Atlas RM (2005). Bioremediation of contaminated soils and aquifers. ASM Press, Washington DC, USA.
 
Pinedo-Rivilla C, Aleu J, Collado IG (2009). Pollutants biodegradation by fungi. Curr. Org. Chem.13:1194-1214.
Crossref
 
Polman JK, Stoner DL, Delezene-Briggs KM (1994). Bioconversion of coal, lignin and dimethoxybenzyl alcohol by Penicillium citrinum. J. Ind. Microbiol. 13:292-299.
Crossref
 
Pyne JW, Stewart DL, Fredrickson J, Wilson BW (1987). Solubilization of leonardite by an extracellular fraction from Coriolus versicolor. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:2844-2848.
Pubmed
 
Quigley DR, Breckenridge CR, Dugan PR (1989b). Effects of multivalent cations on low-rank coal solubilities in alkaline solutions and microbial cultures. Energy Fuels 3:571-574.
Crossref
 
Quigley DR, Breckenridge CR, Polman JK, Dugan PR (1991). Hydrogen peroxide, peroxidase and low rank coal. Fuel 70:581-583.
Crossref
 
Quigley DR, Ward B, Crawford DL, Hatcher HJ, Dugan PR (1989a). Evidence that microbially produced alkaline materials are involved in coal solubilization. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 20/21:753-763.
Crossref
 
Quigley DR, Wey JE, Breckenridge CR, Stoner DL (1988). The influence of pH on biological solubulization of oxidized, low-rank coal. Res. Conserv. Recyc. 1:163-174.
Crossref
 
Rahman KSM, Banat IM, Thahira J, Thayumanavan T, Lakshmanaperumalsamy P (2002). Bioremediation of gasoline contaminated soil by a bacterial consortium amended with poultry litter, coir pith and rhamnolipid biosurfactant. Bioresour. Technol. 81:25-32.
Crossref
 
Ralph JP, Catcheside DEA (1994). Decolourisation and depolymerisation of solubilised low-rank coal by the white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 42:536-542.
Crossref
 
Ralph JP, Catcheside DEA (1999). Transformation of macromolecules from a brown-coal by lignin peroxidase. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 52:70-77.
Crossref
 
Rhykerd RL, Crews B, McInnes KJ, Weaver RW (1999). Impact of bulking agents, forced aeration, and tillage on remediation of oil-contaminated soil. Bioresour. Technol. 67:279-285.
Crossref
 
Rivera-Espinoza Y, Dendooven L (2004). Dynamics of carbon, nitrogen and hydrocarbons in diesel-contaminated soil amended with biosolids and maize. Chemosphere 54:379-386.
Crossref
 
Salehi R, Shayegan J, Ghavipanjeh F, Pazouki M, Hosseinnia A (2008). Anaerobic bioconversion of heavy hydrocarbons using native consortia. Iran J. Chem Eng. 6:40-49.
 
Salleh AB, Ghazali FM, Abd Rahman RNZ, Basri M (2003). Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution. Ind. J. Biotechnol. 2:411-425.
 
Sander AB, Weelink SAB, van Eekert MHA, Stams AJM (2010). Degradation of BTEX by anaerobic bacteria: physiology and application. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 9:359-385.
Crossref
 
Santos EO, Rosa CFC, Passos CT, Sanzo AVL, Burkert JFM, Kalil SJ, Burkert CAV (2008). Pre-screening of filamentous fungi isolated from a contaminated site in Southern Brazil for bioaugmentation purposes. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 7:1314-1317.
 
Sarkar D, Ferguson M, Datta R, Birnbaum S (2005). Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soils: Comparison of biosolids addition, carbon supplementation, and monitored natural attenuation. Environ. Pollut. 136:187-195.
Crossref
 
Sekhohola LM, Igbinigie EE, Cowan AK (2013). Biological degradation and solubilisation of coal. Biodegradation 24:305-318.
Crossref
 
Silva IS, dos Santos EC, de Menezes CR, de Faria AF, Franciscon E, Grossman M (2009b). Bioremediation of a polyaromatic hydrocarbon contaminated soil by native soil microbiota and bioaugmentation with isolated microbial consortia. Bioresour. Technol. 100:4669-4675.
Crossref
 
Silva IS, Grossman M. Durrant LR (2009a). Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (2–7 rings) under micro aerobic and very-low-oxygen conditions by soil fungi. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 63:224-229.
Crossref
 
Silva-Stenico ME, Vengadajellum CJ, Janjua HA, Harrison STL, Burton SG, Cowan DA (2007). Degradation of low rank coal by Trichoderma atroviride ES11. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 34:625-631.
Crossref
Stallwood B, Shears J, Williams PA, Hughes KA (2005). Low temperature bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil using biostimulation and bioaugmentation with a Pseudomonas sp. from maritime Antarctica. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99:794-802.
Crossref
 
Strandberg GW, Lewis SN (1987). Solubilization of coal by an extracellular product from Streptomyces setonii 75Vi2. J. Ind. Microbiol. 1:371-375.
Crossref
 
Strandberg GW, Lewis SN (1988). Factors affecting coal solubilization by the Bacterium Streptomyces setonii 75Vi2 and by alkaline buffers. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 18:355-361.
Crossref
 
Sutherland JB (1992). Detoxification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by fungi. J. Ind. Microbiol. 9:53-62.
Crossref
 
Torzilli AP, Isbister JD (1994). Comparison of coal solubilisation by bacteria and fungi. Biodegradation 5:55-62.
 
Toth-Allen J, Torzilli AP, Isbister JD (1994). Analysis of low-molecular mass products from biosolubilized coal. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 116:283-286.
Crossref
 
Tripathi RC, Jain VK, Tripathi PSM (2010). Fungal biosolubilization of Neyveli lignite into humic acid. Energy Sources Part A Recover. Util. Environ. Effects 32:72-82.
 
Ueno A, Hasanuzzaman M, Yumoyo I, Okuyama H (2006). Verification of degradation of n-alkanes in diesel oil by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain WatG in soil microcosms. Curr. Microbiol. 52:182-185.
Crossref
 

UNECA (2011). Fossil fuels in Africa in the context of a carbon constrained future.

View

 
Urum K, Pekdemir T, Gopur M (2003). Optimum conditions for washing of crude oil-contaminated soil with biosurfactant solutions. Process safety and environmental protection. Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 81:203-209.
 
Vaidehi K, Kulkarni SD (2012). Microbial remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: An overview. Res. J. Chem. Environ.16:200-212.
 
van Beilen JB, Funhoff EG (2007). Alkane hydroxylases involved in microbial alkane degradation. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 74:13-21.
Crossref
 
van Beilen JB, Li Z, Duetz WA, Smits THM, Witholt B (2003). Diversity of alkane hydroxylase systems in the environment. Oil Gas Sci. Technol. 58:427-440.
Crossref
 
van Beilen JB, Smits TH, Roos FF, Brunner T, Balada S B, Rothlisberger M, Witholt B (2005). Identification of an amino acid position that determines the substrate range of integral membrane alkane hydroxylases. J. Bacteriol. 187:85-91.
Crossref
 
van Hamme JD, Singh A, Ward OP (2003). Recent advances in petroleum microbiology. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 67:503-549.
Crossref
 
Ventikos NP, Vergetis E, Psaraftis EN, Triantafyllou G (2004). A high-level synthesis of oil spill response equipment and countermeasures. J. Hazard. Mater. 107:51-58.
Crossref
 
Vyas TK, Dave BP (2010). Effect of addition of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on biodegradation of crude oil by marine bacteria. Ind. J. Mar. Sci. 39:143-150.
 
Ward DM, Brock TD (1978). Hydrocarbon biodegradation in hypersaline environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35:353-359.
Pubmed
 
Weissenfels WD, Beyer M, Klein J (1990). Degradation of fluoranthene by pure bacterial cultures. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 32:479-484.
Crossref
 
Wentzel A, Ellingsen TE, Kotlar HK, Zotchev SB, Throne-Holst M (2007). Bacterial metabolism of long-chain n-alkanes. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 76:1209-1221.
Crossref
 
Whyte LG, Hawari J, Zhou E, Bourbonniére L, Inniss WE, Greer CW (1998). Biodegradation of variable chain length alkanes at low temperature by a psychrotrophic Rhodococcus sp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:2578-2584.
Pubmed
 
Whyte LG, Slagman SJ, Pietrantonio F, Bourbonniére L, Koval SF, Lawrence JR, Inniss WE Greer CW (1999). Physiological adaptations involved in alkane assimilation at a low temperature by Rhodococcus sp. Strain Q15. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:2961-2968.
Pubmed
 
Ye D, Siddiqi MA, Maccubbin AE, Kumar S, Sikka HC (1996). Degradation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by Sphingomonas paucimobilis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30:136-142.
Crossref
 
Yi T, Lee E, Park H, Cho K (2011). Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by Neosartorya sp. BL4. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A. 46:1763-1768.
Crossref
 
Yin S, Tao X, Shi K (2011). The role of surfactants in coal bio-solubilisation. Fuel Process Technol. 92:1554-1559.
Crossref
 
Widdel F, Boetius A, Rabus R (2006). Anaerobic biodegradation of hydrocarbons including methane. Prokaryotes 2:1028-1049.
Crossref
 
Xia WX, Li JC, Zheng XL, Bi XJ, Shao JL (2006). Enhanced biodegradation of diesel oil in seawater supplemented with nutrients. Eng. Life Sci. 6:80-85.
Crossref
 
Yang LM, Lai C, Shieh WK (2000). Biodegradation of dispersed diesel fuel under high salinity conditions. Water Res. 34:3303-3314.
Crossref
 
Yu KS, Wong AH, Yau KW, Wong YS, Tam NF (2005). Natural attenuation, biostimulation and bioaugmentation on biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mangrove sediments. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 51:1071-1077.
Crossref
 
Yuan H, Yang J, Chen W (2006). Production of alkaline materials, surfactants and enzymes by Penicillium decumbens strain P6 in association with lignite degradation/solubilisation. Fuel 85:1378-1382.
Crossref
 
Zaidi BR, Imam SH (1999). Factors affecting microbial degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene in the Caribbean coastal water. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 38:737-742.
Crossref
 
Zalik A, Watts M (2006). Imperial oil: Petroleum politics in the Nigerian Delta and the new scramble for Africa. Soc. Rev. 2005.
 
Zawierucha I, Malina G, Singh A, Parmar N, Kuhad RC (2011). Bioremediation of contaminated soils:effects of bioaugmentation and biostimulation on enhancing biodegradation of oil hydrocarbons. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany.
 
Zhang W, Yin K, Chen L (2013). Bacteria-mediated bisphenol A degradation. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 97:5681-5689.
Crossref
 
Zhukov DV, Murygina VP, Kaliuzhnyi SV (2007). Kinetics of the degradation of aliphatic hydrocarbons by the bacteria Rhodococcus ruber and Rhodococcus erythropolis. Prikl. Biokhim. Mikrobiol. 43:657-663.
Pubmed