Full Length Research Paper
References
Absalón-Medina VA, Nicholson CF, Blake RW, Fox, DG, Juárez-Lagunes FI, Canudas-Lara EG, Rueda-Maldonado BL (2012). Economic analysis of alternative nutritional management of dual-purpose cow herds in central coastal Veracruz, Mexico. Tropical Animal Health and Production 44(6):1143-1150. |
|
Ashley C, Hussein K (2000). Developing methodologies for livelihood impact assessment: Experiences of the African Wildlife Foundation in East Africa. Sustainable Livelihoods. London, United Kingdom. |
|
Boor EI (2012). The Role of Milk Processors in Poverty Reduction among Small Scale Dairy Farmers: Case Study of NKCC Ltd Eldoret Suppliers. University of Nairobi. |
|
Caroline W (2016). Youth chama turns silage into a money-maker. Daily Nation. |
|
Chakeredza S, Hove L, Akinnifesi FK, Franzel S, Ajayi OC, Sileshi G (2007). Managing fodder trees as a solution to human-livestock food conflicts and their contribution to income generation for smallholder farmers in southern Africa. Natural Resources Forum 31:286-296. |
|
Chapman R, Slaymaker T, Young J (2003). Livelihoods Approaches to Information and Communication in Support of Rural Poverty Elimination and Food Security. Bridging Reasearch and Policy. London, United Kingdom. |
|
Cook B, Pengelly B, Brown S, Donnelly J, Eagles D, Franco A, Mullen B, Partridge I, Peters M, Schultze-Kraft R (2005). Calliandra calothyrsus. |
|
Department for International Development (1999). Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets. |
|
Devendra C (1992). Nutritional potential of fodder trees and shrubs as protein sources in ruminant nutrition. |
|
Dollinger J, Jose S (2018). Agroforestry for soil health. Agroforestry Systems 92(2):213-219. |
|
Franzel S, Wambugu, C, Tuwei P, Karanja G (2003). The adoption and scaling up of the use of fodder shrubs in central Kenya (No. 131). Agricultural Research and Extension Network. London, United Kingdom. |
|
Franzel S, Carsan S, Lukuyu B, Sinja J, Wambugu C (2013). Fodder trees for improving livestock productivity and smallholder livelihoods in Africa. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 6(1):98-103. |
|
General Secretariat of the Organization of American States (2015). How to rapidly assess the effects of the application of CITES decisions on livelihoods in poor rural communities. In: F. A. F. Ochoa (Ed.), Handbook on CITES and livelihoods. Washington D.C., USA: Department of Sustainable Development pp. 1-44. |
|
Horsley J, Prout S, Tonts M, Ali SH (2015). Sustainable livelihoods and indicators for regional development in mining economies. Extractive Industries and Society 2(2):368-380. |
|
Kabirizi J, Mpairwe D, Mutetikka D (2007). The Effect of Integrating Forage Legumes in Smallholder Crop/Livestock Farming System on Food, Fodder and Animal performance. In Conference on International Agricultural Research for Development. Kampala: University of Kassel-Witzenhausen and University of Gottingen pp. 1-7. |
|
Kathambi EK, VanLeeuwen JA, Gitau GK, Mckenna SL (2018). A cross-sectional study of the welfare of calves raised in smallholder dairy farms in Meru, Kenya, 2017. Veterinary World 11(8):1094-1101. |
|
Kiptot E, Franzel S, Degrande A (2014). Gender, agroforestry and food security in Africa. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 6(1):104-109. |
|
Kordi M, Naserian AA (2012). Influence of wheat bran as a silage additive on chemical composition , in situ degradability and in vitro gas production of citrus pulp silage. African Journal of Biotechnology 11(63):12669-12674. |
|
Krantz L (2001). The sustainable livelihood approach to poverty reduction. Division for Policy and Socio-Economic Analysis. Stockholm, Sweden. |
|
Krpálková L, Cabrera VE, Vacek M, Stípková M, Stádník L, Crump P (2014). Effect of prepubertal and postpubertal growth and age at first calving on production and reproduction traits during the first 3 lactations in Holstein dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 97(5):3017-3027. |
|
Ma J, Zhang J, Li L, Zeng Z, Sun J, Zhou Q, Zhang Y (2018). Study on livelihood assets-based spatial differentiation of the income of natural tourism communities. Sustainability (Switzerland) 10(2):L1-20. |
|
Maina F, Mburu J, Gitau G, VanLeeuwen J, Negusse Y (2018). Economic efficiency of milk production among small-scale dairy farmers in Mukurweini, Nyeri County, kenya. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics 10(5):152-158. |
|
Makau D (2014). A study of factors associated with the prevalence of coccidia infection in cattle and its spatial epidemiology in Busia, Bungoma and Siaya counties, Kenya. University of Nairobi. |
|
Makau D (2019). Enhancing productivity and livelihoods of smallholder dairy farmers in Kenya through agroforestry and cellphone-mediated training. University of Prince Edward Island. |
|
Makau DN, VanLeeuwen JA, Gitau GK, Muraya J, McKenna SL, Walton C, Wichtel JJ (2018). Animal and management factors associated with weight gain in dairy calves and heifers on smallholder dairy farms in Kenya. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 161:60-68. |
|
Menjo DK, Bebe BO, Okeyo AM, Ojango JMK (2009). Analysis of early survival of Holstein-Friesian heifers of diverse sire origins on commercial dairy farms in Kenya. Tropical Animal Health and Production 41(2):171-181. |
|
Mtega WP (2017). Strengthening agricultural knowledge systems for improved rural livelihoods in Morogoro region of Tanzania. University of South Africa, Pretoria. |
|
Muraya J (2019). Improving productivity and reproductive efficiency of smallholder dairy cows in Kenya. University of Prince Edward Island. |
|
Muraya J, Vanleeuwen JA, Gitau, GK, Wichtel JJ, Makau DN, Crane MB, McKenna SLB, Tsuma VT (2018). Cross-sectional study of productive and reproductive traits of dairy cattle in smallholder farms in Meru, Kenya. Livestock Research for Rural Development 30:10. |
|
Muriuki HG (2003). Milk and dairy products, post-harvest losses and food safety in sub-Saharan Africa and the Near East: A review of the small-scale dairy sector-Kenya. FAO Prevention of Food Losses Programme. Rome, Italy. |
|
Muriuki HG (2011). Dairy development in Kenya. FAO-Dairy Reports. Rome. |
|
Muriuki H, Mwangi D, Thorpe W (2001). How Smallholder Dairy Systems in Kenya Contribute to Food Security and Poverty Alleviation: results of recent collaborative studies. In Contribution of Livestock to Food Security and Poverty Alleviation. Morogoro, Tanzania: Tanzania Society of Animal Production Conference pp. 1-9. |
|
Nanjinia W (2018). Silage bale wrapping, new trend in fodder packaging lasts two years. Standard Digital. |
|
Obi L (2018). Storing silage in pits is out of date; savvy farmers now bale it. Daily Nation. |
|
Omore A, Mulindo JC, Islam SMF, Nurah G, Khan MI, Staal SJ, Dugdill BT (2004). Employment generation through smallscale dairy marketing and processing (FAO Animal and Production Health No. 158). Rome. |
|
Oxfam (2014). Promoting Sustainable Livelihoods for Women and Vulnerable Groups in Chiradzulu District Project Effectiveness Review Full Technical Report. Lilongwe, Malawi. |
|
Pandey GS (2014). Food security and poverty mitigation through smallholder dairy - the Zambian case. Rural 21. |
|
Patel-Weynand T, Bentrup G, Schoeneberger M (2017). Agroforestry: Enhancing Resiliency in U.S. Agricultural Landscapes Under Changing Conditions. Washington D.C., USA. |
|
Rahman S, Imam M, Snelder D, Sunderland T (2012). Agroforestry for livelihood security in agrarian landscapes of the Padma floodplain in Bangladesh. Small-Scale Forestry 11(4):529-538. |
|
Randolph TF, Schelling E, Grace D, Nicholson CF, Leroy JL, Cole DC, Demment MW, Omore A, Zinsstag J, Ruel M (2007). Invited Review: Role of livestock in human nutrition and health for poverty reduction in developing countries. Journal of Animal Science 85(11):2788-2800. |
|
Rengman S, Johansson B, Murphy M (2014). Dietary nutrient density and effects on intake and production. In: P. Udén (Ed.), 5th Nordic Feed Science Conference 290:83-87. Upsala: Organising committee of the 5th Nordic Feed Science Conference Department of Animal Nutrition and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) SE- 753 23 Uppsala, Sweden. |
|
Richards SM (2017). Productivity and welfare of cows on smallholder dairy farms in Kenya. University of Prince Edward Island. |
|
Sawa P (2015). Kenya Dairy farmers make maize silage to maximize profits. Barzawire. |
|
Serrat O (2017). The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach. In Knowledge Solutions: Tools, Methods, and Approaches to Drive Organizational Performance, Springer, Singapore pp. 21-25. |
|
The Dairy Policy Forum (2004). Policies to Support Smallhoder Dairy for Sustainable Employment and incomes in Kenya Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya. |
|
Thorlakson T, Neufeldt H (2012). Reducing subsistence farmers' vulnerability to climate change: evaluating the potential contributions of agroforestry in western Kenya. Agriculture and Food Security 1(1):15. |
|
Trees for the Future (2016). Why and How ForestGardens Must be Used to Improve Livestock Rearing Practices, Reverse Land Degradation, and Increase Smallholder Income. |
|
Van Leeuwen JA, Mellish T, Walton C, Kaniaru A, Gitau R., Mellish K, Maina B, Wichtel J (2012). Management, productivity and livelihood effects on Kenyan smallholder dairy farms from interventions addressing animal health and nutrition and milk quality. Tropical Animal Health and Production 44:231-238. |
|
Wight V, Kaushal N, Waldfogel J, and Garfinkel I (2014). Understanding the link between poverty and food insecurity among children: Does the definition of poverty matter? Journal of Children and Poverty 20(1):1-20. |
|
Wilson MH, Lovell ST (2016). Agroforestry-The next step in sustainable and resilient agriculture. Sustainability (Switzerland) 8(6):1-15. |
|
World Agroforestry Center (2011). Fodder trees and milk production in East Africa. Policy Brief (P. 12). Nairobi, Kenya. |
Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0