Full Length Research Paper
ABSTRACT
To our knowledge, no research study has been carried out on the effects of ascorbic acid (ASA), 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and Nano selenium (N-Se) on the cytological parameters of pea seedlings under salinity stress. Salinity treatment (60 and 120 mM NaCl) was applied. Two concentrations of ASA (50 and 100 ppm), ALA (25 and 50 ppm), and N-Se (10 and 20 ppm), respectively were used individually and in combination with NaCl (60 and 120 mM). Modifications in shoot length, number of leaves, leaf area, chromosomal aberrations and mitotic index were determined. Salinity treatment (120 mM) caused the highest reduction in shoot length, leaf area and mitotic index. A significant increase of chromosomal abnormalities percentage (%) was detected in salinity treatments compared with control. ASA (100 ppm), ALA (50 ppm) and N-Se (10 ppm) treatments significantly reduced the damaging effect of salinity stress on growth attributes, mitotic index and chromosomal abnormalities percentage (%) and improved seedlings’ performance. These treatments can be recommended for the improvement of pea plants’ productivity under salt stress.
Key words: Ascorbic acid, 5-aminolevulinic acid, nano selenium, salt stress, mitosis, chromosomal aberrations, Pissum sativum L.
INTRODUCTION
Salt stress adversely affects the morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plant species (Nazar et al., 2011). Several researchers found that the chlorophyllian pigments were reduced with an increase in salinity level. This may be due to the disruption of the fine structure of chloroplasts and pigment-protein complex or chlorophyll stability, which can result in chlorophyll oxidation (Saha et al., 2010; Helaly et al., 2016; Elsheery et al., 2020c) and disturb plant growth and development (Sairam and Tyagi, 2004). Tang et al. (2017b) established that salinity inhibits plant growth, reduces yield in many crop plants and affects their commercial value (Helaly et al., 2016; Elsheery et al., 2020c). So, salinity stress inhibits growth of basil plants by decreasing a significant number of leaves/plant and plant height (Khan et al., 2009; Nassar et al., 2019). Also, the retardant effects of salinity stress on growth, physiological aspects and productivity were also recorded on other different plants species; for instance, Reda (2007) on Senna occidentalis, Dawood et al. (2014) on Faba bean, Bargaz et al. (2016) on Phaseolus vulgaris, Nassar et al. (2016) on Leucaena and Elsheery et al. (2020b) on mango. There are many ways to improve salinity tolerance in plants such as using of biofertilizer and amino acids (Helaly et al., 2016) and grafting in vegetable crops (Elsheery et al., 2020a; Helaly et al., 2016; Al-Mayahi, 2016). This study was carried out to investigate the effects of ascorbic acid (ASA) under salinity stress on growth of pea plant. Some biochemical constituents that can promote growth and increase productivity of many species of plants grown under normal or abiotic stress conditions are highly recommended (Sharma et al., 2019). Ascorbic acid (ASA) is a small water soluble antioxidant molecule which acts as an essential substrate in the cyclic pathway of enzymatic detoxification of hydrogen peroxide. Ascorbic acid (ASA) is a naturalist product that acts as an antioxidant and enzyme and also improves cofactor. It engages in a variety of procedures. It correlates with chloroplasts in the oxidative stress of photosynthesis (Latif et al., 2016). Furthermore, ASA has a number of roles in protein modification and cell division in plant cells (Hussein et al., 2019). Nowadays, it plays an essential role in a series of physiological processes such as cofactor of key enzyme, plant defense against oxidization, growth, development, cell division, cell extension, senescence and counteracts the deleterious effects of biotic and abiotic stresses (Zhang and Sonnewald, 2017). Therefore, it is chosen to be one of the substances of the subject of our present study.
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a type of non-protein amino acid that supports plant stress tolerance. However, the underlying physiological and biochemical mechanisms are not entirely understood (Anwar et al., 2020). ALA is found in all plants and animals. 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is and a key precursor for the biosynthesis of porphyrins such as chlorophyll, heme and plant hormones. In addition, it has newly been reported that ALA regulates the expression level of fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase (FBP), triose-3-phosphate isomerase (TPI), and ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase small subunit (RBCS), which activate the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis under drought stress (Liu et al., 2016). It was found that, ALA is one of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and mitigates salinity stress effect in germinating seeds and ameliorates seedling growth. Foliar application of 5-aminolevulinic acid at low concentrations has been shown to promote salt tolerance in a lot of plants (Tang et al., 2017a). On the other hand, ALA is involved in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway under salt stress conditions (Wu et al., 2011) and motivates antioxidant enzyme efficiency and accumulation of endogenous hormone under many stress factors such as low-temperature in cucumber seedlings (Anwar et al., 2018). Under drought stress, spray application of ALA up-regulated the chlorophyll fluorescence indexes in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) (Liu et al., 2014) and gas exchange indexes, such as net photosynthetic average (Pn), stomatal behavior (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and the rate of transpiration (Tr), which were adversely influenced by abiotic stress (Wu et al., 2018). It is also reported that foliar application of ALA may confer plant tolerance to diverse abiotic stresses, such as chilling, high temperature, salinity, drought, weak light, and heavy metals (Wu et al., 2019a). Previous studies demonstrated that ALA encourages abiotic stress tolerance by activation of numerous types of transcription factors, signal transduction, and chlorophyll and carbohydrate biosynthesis (Nishihara et al., 2003; Anwar et al., 2020). These results submit that ALA can broadly minimize the harmful effects of environmental stress. Increasing attention has been paid to the beneficial impacts of many nanoparticles (NPs) used in low doses on diverse crops (Jampílek and Kráľová, 2017; Rastogi et al., 2019; Kumar et al., 2020; Elsheery et al., 2020c). A lot of researchers like Sonkaria et al. (2012) and Prasad et al. (2014) established that, using of NPs can promote plant growth, warrant food goodness and decrease waste. Nano-Selenium (N-Se) as Nano fertilizer has been recently used in the field (Shang et al., 2019; Elsheery et al., 2020a; Elsheery et al., 2020b). There is less documented information on the biological effects of N-Se and its application (Chau et al., 2007; Cushen et al., 2012). Bhattacharjee et al. (2014) and Kamle et al. (2020) suggest that N-Se plays a role as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger in plants under stress conditions. So, the purpose of our study was: To evaluate the (ASA, ALA and N-Se) morphological and cytological effect of application of our treatments (Soaked and foliar) on pea plants under salinity stress using hydroponic methods.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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