Full Length Research Paper
References
Agalave HR (2017). Effect of environmental factors on productivity of crop. International Journal of Botany Studies 2:14-16. |
|
Agudamu Y, Yoshihira T, Shiraiwa T (2016). Branch development responses to planting density and yield stability in soybean cultivars. Plant Production Science 19:331-339. |
|
Bradshaw AD (1965). Evolutionary Significance of Phenotypic Plasticity in Plants. Advances in Genetics 13:115-155. |
|
Chigeza G, Boahen S, Gedil M, Agoyi E, Musholiwa H, Denwar N, Gondwe T, Tesfaye A, Kamara A, Alamu OE, Chikoye D (2019). Public sector soybean (Glycine max) breeding: Advances in cultivar development in the African tropics. Plant Breeding 138(4):455-464. |
|
Chileshe L, Chirwa B (1990). Soils of Mansa District-Soil Survey Report No. 186 D. Soil Survey Unit, Research Branch, Department of Agriculture. Ministry of Agriculture. Government of the Republic of Zambia. |
|
Craine JM, Dybzinski R (2013). Mechanisms of plant competition for nutrients, water and light. Functional Ecology 27:833-840. |
|
Duncan WG (1986). Crop Ecology, Production and Management: Planting Patterns and Soybean Yields. Crop Science Journal 26:584-588. |
|
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2016). FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Available online at: |
|
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2001). World Soil Resource reports: Lecture notes on the major soils of the world. In Driessen P, Deckers J, Nachtergaele F (eds.) Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. |
|
Fehr WR, Caviness CE, Burmood DT, Pennington JS (1971). Stages of development descriptions for soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merril. Crop Science 11:929-931. |
|
Grime JP (1977). Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory. American Naturalist 111:169-1194. |
|
Grime JP, Mackey JML (2002). The role of plasticity in resource capture by plants. Evolutionary Ecology 16:299-307. |
|
Ibrahim HM (2012). Response of some sunflower hybrids to different levels of plant density. APCBEE Procedia 4:175-182. |
|
Li J, Qu Z, Chen J, Yang B, Huang Y (2019). Effect of planting density on the growth and yield of sunflower under mulched drip irrigation. Water (Switzerland) 11:1-14. |
|
Maggio A, Bressan RA, Zhao Y, Park J, Yun D (2018). It's hard to avoid avoidance: Uncoupling the evolutionary connection between plant growth, productivity and stress "tolerance". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19:36-71. |
|
Mataa M, Sichilima I (2019). Phenotypic plasticity in soybean (Glycine max (Merrill)) genotypes with contrasting growth characteristics subjected to planting density stress at different developmental stages. African Journal of Agricultural Research 14:643-651. |
|
Mataa M, Tominaga S (1998a). Reproductive-vegetative shoot growth interactions and relationship to non-structural carbohydrates in immature ponkan mandarin. (Citrus reticulata Blanco). Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 73:189-194. |
|
Mataa M, Tominaga S (1998b). The effects of shading stage and level on fruit set and development, leaf carbohydrates and photosynthesis in ponkan (Citrus reticulata Blanco). Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture 42:103-110. |
|
Mellendorf NE (2011). Soybean growth and yield response to interplant competition relief in various plant density environments. MSc. Thesis (unpublished). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, pp. 11-12. Available at: |
|
Mhamdi A, Van Breusegem F (2018). Reactive oxygen species in plant development. Development (Cambridge). P. 145. |
|
Mitti JM (1995). Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr). In: Zambian Seed Technology Handbook. Muliokela SW. (ed.) Lusaka: Ministry o fAgriculture, Food and Fisheries. pp. 195-199. |
|
Murren CJ, Auld JR, Ghalambor CK, Handelsman CA, Heskel MA, Kingsolver JG, Maclean HJ, Masel J, Maughan H, Pfenning DW, Relyea RA, Seiter S, Snell-Rood E, Steiner UK Schilichting CD (2015). Constraints on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity: Limits and costs of phenotype and plasticity. Heredity 115:293-301. |
|
Mooney HA, Gulman SL (1979). Environmental and evolutionary constraints on the photosynthetic characteristics of higher plants. In Topics in Plant Population Biology. Solbrig OT, Jain S, Johnson GB, Raven PH (eds,). Columbia University Press, New York. pp. 316-337. |
|
Oyatokun OS, Oluwasemire KO (2014). Evaluating starter N application to Soybean with CROPGRO-Soybean model in the Southern Guinea Savanna Agro-Ecology of Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science 6:83-100. |
|
Pacala SW, Tilmant D (1994). Limiting similarity in mechanistic and spatial models of plant competition in heterogeneous environments. The American Naturalist 143(2):222-257. |
|
Park SE, Benjamin LR, Watkinson AR (2003). The theory and application of plant competition models: An agronomic perspective. Annals of Botany 92:741-748. |
|
Park Y, Runkle ES (2018). Far-red radiation and photosynthetic photon flux density independently regulate seedling growth but interactively regulate flowering. Environmental and Experimental Botany 155:206-216. |
|
Pereira-Flores ME, Justino BF (2019). Yield components and biomass partition in soybean: Climate change vision. (Unpublished) Intechopen. |
|
Rondanini DR, Menendez YC, Gomez NV, Miralles DJ, Botto JF (2017). Vegetative plasticity and floral branching compensate low plant density in modern spring rapeseed. Field Crop Research 210:104-113. |
|
SeedCo (2015). Soybean growers guide. Available at: |
|
Shamsi K, Kobraee S (2011). Soybean agronomic responses to plant density. Annals of Biological Research 2:168-173. |
|
Sichilima I, Mataa M, Mweetwa AM (2018). Morpho-physiological and Yield Responses Associated with Plant Density Variation in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) (Merrill)). International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 3:274-285. |
|
Sultan SE (2003). Phenotypic plasticity in plants: A case study in ecological development. Evolution and Development 5:25-33. |
|
Sultan S (1992). Phenotypic plasticity and the Neo- Darwinian legacy. Evolutionary Trends in Plants 6:61-71 |
|
Sultan SE, Bazzaz FA (1993). Phenotypic Plasticity in Polygonum persicaria. II. Norms of Reaction to Soil Moisture and the Maintenance of Genetic Diversity. Evolution 47:1032-1049. |
|
Takahashi F, Shinozaki K (2019). Long-distance signaling in plant stress response. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 47:106-111. |
|
Tekola T, Yoseph T, Worku W (2018). Biological and inorganic fertilizer applications improved growth, nodulation and yield of soybean (Glycine max L.) varieties. International Journal of Current Research 10:68855- 68862. |
|
VSN International (2015). Genstat for Windows 18th Edition. VSN International, Hemel Hempstead, UK. Available at: |
|
Wahid A, Gelani S, Ashraf M, Foolad MR (2007). Heat tolerance in plants: An overview. Environmental and Experimental Botany 61:199-223. |
|
Wani SH, Kumar V, Shriram V, Sah SK (2016). Phytohormones and their metabolic engineering for abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Crop Science 4:162-176. |
|
Wright D, Lenssen AW (2013). Staging soybean development. Agriculture and Environment Extension Publications 191:1- 3. |
|
Yang X, Zhang W, He Q (2019). Effects of intraspecific competition on growth, architecture and biomass allocation of Quercus liaotungensis. Journal of Plant Interactions 14:284-294. |
Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0